Health and the People part 3: Industrial period

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Mind map on medicine in the industrial period for AQA History GCSE Health and the People. Colour coded to help with 16-markers. Enjoy!
Frank Shrimpton
Mind Map by Frank Shrimpton, updated more than 1 year ago
Frank Shrimpton
Created by Frank Shrimpton about 4 years ago
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Resource summary

Health and the People part 3: Industrial period
  1. The Germ Theory
    1. Discovery
      1. Robert Koch (1843 - 1910)
        1. Discovered specific bacteria cause specific diseases
          1. Managed to stain and photograph them
            1. Discovered TB and Cholera microbes
              1. Identified 21 germs by 1900
              2. Methods
                1. Looked at blood of infected animals
                  1. Took some bacteria
                    1. Moved it into another animal
                      1. Other animal died
                        1. Bacteria same
                2. Founded the new field of biological science and microbiology
                  1. German government set up Institute of infectious diseases
                    1. Funded his research
                      1. Egged on by conflict with France
                        1. Didn't want Pasteur to be first
                    2. Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)
                      1. Studied microbes
                        1. Actually invented germ theory (1860 - 64)
                        2. Disproved 'Spontaneous Generation'
                          1. Developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies
                            1. News of his discoveries spread quickly via telegram
                              1. Funded by French Government
                                1. Egged on by conflict with Germany
                                  1. Didn't want Koch to be first
                            2. Effect on medical progress
                              1. Immediate
                                1. New vaccines discovered
                                  1. Chicken cholera
                                    1. Anthrax
                                      1. Rabies
                                        1. Lives saved
                                        2. New medicines invented
                                          1. Ehrlich (Koch's assistant)
                                            1. Found cure for Syphilis
                                              1. Only killed syphilis microbes
                                                1. 'Magic bullet'
                                                  1. Could there be more?
                                                2. Salvarsan 606
                                            2. Some diseases still incurable
                                              1. Many drugs too expensive for most
                                                1. Infant mortality remained high
                                                  1. Still couldn't explain
                                                  2. Long-term
                                                    1. Focused research in the right place
                                                      1. All modern disease treatments rely on this
                                                        1. Largest single imporvement to medical progress in the long term
                                                    2. Technological improvements
                                                      1. Stethoscope invented 1816
                                                        1. Widely used 1850
                                                        2. Powerful microscopes invented 1895
                                                          1. X-ray machines - 1895
                                                            1. Allowed for new discoveries and methods to be found
                                                            2. Treatment of disease
                                                              1. How?
                                                                1. Pharmaceutical remedies
                                                                  1. Laudanum (alcohol and opium)
                                                                    1. Aspirin
                                                                      1. Alcohol
                                                                        1. Arsenic
                                                                          1. TOXIC!
                                                                          2. Mercury
                                                                            1. TOXIC!
                                                                            2. Cocaine
                                                                              1. Many ineffective
                                                                                1. No regulations - anyone could put anything in them
                                                                                  1. Later on, these became based more on Germ Theory, and treatments such as Salvarsan 606 were more effective
                                                                                2. Who?
                                                                                  1. Women
                                                                                    1. In the Industrial period there was still a lot of prejudice gainst women trying to join the medical profession
                                                                                      1. However, here are 4 notable women who managed it
                                                                                        1. Florence Nightingale
                                                                                          1. Cleaned wounds during Crimean War
                                                                                            1. Helped cut death rates from 40% to 2%
                                                                                            2. Wrote a book on it
                                                                                              1. Set up a nurse training school
                                                                                                1. Made nursing an honorable profession
                                                                                                2. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
                                                                                                  1. Made her own hospital
                                                                                                    1. Trained as a nurse
                                                                                                      1. Inspired by womens' rights activists
                                                                                                        1. Problems faced
                                                                                                          1. Father against her
                                                                                                            1. Not allowed into medical school
                                                                                                              1. Male students forced her out of hospital
                                                                                                                1. Not allowed a post in any hospital
                                                                                                                  1. Everyone hated her
                                                                                                                    1. How did she overcome them?
                                                                                                                      1. Persuaded father to change his mind
                                                                                                                        1. Got private tuition
                                                                                                                          1. Proved ability
                                                                                                                          2. Found a loophole to get her credentials
                                                                                                                            1. Started her own hospital
                                                                                                                              1. Went to France for her degree
                                                                                                                          3. Sophia Jex-Blake
                                                                                                                            1. Studied in US
                                                                                                                              1. Met female physician there - inspired her
                                                                                                                              2. Problems faced
                                                                                                                                1. Parents didn't want her educated like that
                                                                                                                                  1. Struggled to get into university as a woman
                                                                                                                                    1. Men protested about her - angry mob of 200
                                                                                                                                      1. She got sued while teaching
                                                                                                                                        1. How did she overcome them?
                                                                                                                                          1. Wrote an essay about women being just as intellectually able as men
                                                                                                                                            1. Encouraged other women to join her
                                                                                                                                        2. Mary Seacole
                                                                                                                                          1. Also worked in Crimean War
                                                                                                                                            1. Ran an informal clinic
                                                                                                                                            2. From Caribbean
                                                                                                                                  2. Surgery
                                                                                                                                    1. Beginning of Industrial period
                                                                                                                                      1. 1/2 of all amputees died of infection
                                                                                                                                        1. No way of stopping infections
                                                                                                                                        2. Blood loss still a huge problem
                                                                                                                                          1. Pain badly-controlled
                                                                                                                                            1. Previously used laughing gas or alcohol
                                                                                                                                              1. Ineffective
                                                                                                                                                1. More recently ether used
                                                                                                                                                  1. More effective than other methods
                                                                                                                                                    1. Not ideal
                                                                                                                                                  2. Many died of shock
                                                                                                                                                2. Carbolic acid - 1871
                                                                                                                                                  1. Discovered by Lister
                                                                                                                                                    1. Based on Germ theory
                                                                                                                                                    2. Used to clean equipment and surfaces
                                                                                                                                                      1. Surgery started to become aseptic
                                                                                                                                                        1. Killed germs
                                                                                                                                                          1. Could clean ligatures
                                                                                                                                                            1. These can now be used - very effective
                                                                                                                                                              1. Blood loss problem solved
                                                                                                                                                            2. Significance
                                                                                                                                                              1. Surgery became safer
                                                                                                                                                                1. Started a movement leading to the totally aseptic environment of today's operating theatres
                                                                                                                                                                2. Opposition
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Some didn't believe in Germ Theory
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Many opposed to change
                                                                                                                                                                      1. How was it overcome
                                                                                                                                                                        1. The results said it all
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Infection rates dropped
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Took a long time
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chloroform - first used 1847
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Discovered by James Simpson
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Properties discovered by luck
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Have people unconscious or semi-conscious during surgery
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Useful for childbirth
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Useful for difficult durgeries
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pros
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Effective
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dose controllable via inhaler
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Allows for more complex procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Don't die of shock
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Less rush - fewer mistakes made
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cons
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Doctors tempted to experiment with new methods
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Some of which turned out to be fatal
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. At first death rates increased
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Some good
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Side effects may include death
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pain is a punishment from God - you must feel it
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Why was it adopted?
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Queen Victoria used it during childbirth
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. It worked well
                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Public Health
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Conditions in Industrial Britain
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cramped workers' housing
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Air and noise pollution from factories
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water still from polluted rivers
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fast urbanisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lots of poor people
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cholera epidemics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. There were loads of these
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. 1831-32
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. 1854
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. 1866
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Everyone used the same water pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Trade brought it in from elsewhere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. John Snow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. This dude mapped out cases of cholera during the outbreak of 1854
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. He found they were all around the same water pump
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. He got the pump's handle removed - 1854
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Realised it travelled through water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thought it was miasma, but in water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Started the statistical analysis of epidemics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. May have saved some lives with the handle removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Outbreak was already nearly over though
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. The poor and Government intervention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Government had a Laissez-faire attitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. 'Let it be'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Don't get involved
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. People didn't want them meddling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. People didn't look at the conditions of the poor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thought they were lazy drunkards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. If they want better conditions they need to work
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Then some guys came along and said hey look we should do something about the poor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Edwin Chadwick
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Secretary to the 'poor law' commissioners
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Made a report on the conditions of the poor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 1842
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Showed how bad the situation was in towns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blamed high death rates on these factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dirty air
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Slum housing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Polluted water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bad food
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bad sewage systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pressured the government into doing something
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Public Health Acts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. 1848
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Local authorities could set up boards of health
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Optional
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Barely any did
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Could raise money from taxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Could manage sewers and water supply
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pretty useless honestly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Did kind of show Laissez-faire coming to an end
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. People like Chadwick pressured the government into this
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. 1875
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Local officers HAD TO appoint medical officers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Maintain sewers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Covered underground
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Supply fresh water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Collect rubbish
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Provide street lighting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Great Stink caused it
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Actually useful
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Laissez-faire is pretty much gone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. The Great Stink - 1858
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hot weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Untreated human waste in Thames
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Even the rich were badly affected
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Government had to move elsewhere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Encouraged the government to build sewer system in London
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. £3 million borrowed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Equivalent to £1bn today
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Some still in use today
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Designed by Bazalgette
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Finished by 1866
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. No more cholera outbreaks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Encouraged 1875 Public Health Act
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