The Cold War (Korean War- Hungarian Uprising)

North South divided
1. End of WWII Korea was freed from Japanese control.
2. North- Occupied by Soviet
  1. South- Occupied by Americans
3. Agreed that
  1. Korea will unite into one
    1. 2/3 of the population of Korea lived in the south so they felt communist north would be outvoted.
    2. By 1948, there were two independent stated divided by the 38th Parallel
  2. Free elections
4. Elections held in South- anti-communist government led by Syngman Rhee with Soeu; as its capital.
5. Communist North under Kim Il Sung with Pyongyang as its capital
  1. Soviet and American troops left in 1949, but North was still supported by USSR and South by USA
6. 1949- victory of communist Mao Zedong in 1949 China
  1. North Korea had border with another com. state
    1. Koreans unsatisfied by divide, both leaders claimed to be ruler of the whole country
7. Stalin encouraged North and supplied tanks and planes and Chinese urged them too
  1. Claimed to be protecting themselves because South had crossed the 38th Parallel
North Korean Advance
1. 1950- North attacked the South and quickly crossed the 38th and captured Seoul
  1. Occupied all of South except south east corner- Pusan pocket
    1. Problem for Truman and Americans
      1. China- communist
      2. USSR- tested atom bomb in 1949
      3. It was soon after Berlin Blockade- thought USSR's plan to spread Communism throughout the world
        Have to resist the spread= the Truman doctrine and its policy on containment.
2. Americans referred to Security council of UN
  1. Began to move troops from Japan to Korea before decision
  2. Security Council told North to withdraw, said no
    1. North was an aggressor called on all states to send help
      1. USSR could've used veto but wouldn't attend UN because newly communist China hadn't been accepted.
UN Intervention
1. UN army made up of contributions from 16 nations was sent to Korea
  1. Led by American General MacArthur
    1. Most were Americans because of the Doctorine
2. North surprised by American marines who landed in Inchon and cut off their supplies
3. Truman went beyond containment- with UN backing invaded North= Pyongyang and 2/3 of the country and soon reached Yalu River- border with communist China
Final advances of the War
1. China concerned with American advance
  1. About 250,000 Chinese troops, described as volunteers, entered Korea
    1. Too many for UN- recaptured Seoul by January 1951
      1. MacArthur wanted all-out attack on China using an atomic bomb
        Truman thought war would break out so he dismissed Arthur and stuck to the cointainment
2. By June 1951- UN drove communists out of South and defended frontiers
3. Peace talks began in 1951- very little fighting for the next 2yrs. 1953- frontier remains on 38th Parallel
4. War costly for Korea- country devastated by fighting
  1. About 4mill soldiers and civilians killed and 5mill became homeless
  2. American lost around 50,000
  3. Other UN- 17,000
  4. Chinese- 900,000 casualties
Importance of the War
1. Extended Cold War to Far East. China helped communist rebels in Indo-China (Vietnam) against France
2. Indicated Truman prepared to stick to Doctrine and principle of containing Communism
3. Superpowers didn't to turn it into a hot war : Soviets weren't directly involved. Americans agreed with MacArthur but Truman didn't want to spread the war
4. Emergence of communist China as a world power. Became friendly with USSR
5. UN against act of aggression- seen as a capitalist tool by communists
6. USSR not directly involved but supplied weapons
7. Korea still divided- looked permanent.
The Thaw
1. Death of Hitler in 1953 led to new direction in Soviet foreign policy.
  1. Willing to negotiate as both sides had H bomb. America thought Stalin was the cause of the Cold War
    1. First seen when USSR helped end the Korean War
    2. 1955 agreed to sign Austrian State Treaty- end occupation of Austria since 1945- restored to 1937 frontiers
2. New Soviet leadership first a coalation but then was led by Khrushchev
  1. Keen in making a fresh start with the West
    1. Used the words "peaceful co-existence" in 1956
    2. Visited Britain and USA
  2. Summit Conference held in Geneva in 1955- first since 1945
    1. USA, China, Britain, France and USSR
    2. Little decided. Turning point in Cold War though
Warsaw Pact
1. In 1955 West Germany joined Nato
  1. Revived Soviet concern about re-emergence of Germany of Germany led to formation of Warsaw Pact
2. Military Alliance for mutual defence with USSR, Poland, Czech, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, East Germany and Albania
  1. Part of pact- countries still believed in collective security of nations
  2. Called Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the signed countries
3. All troops led by Soviet commander in chief
  1. Permitted Soviet troops to be stationed in the countries as defence
    1. Part of USSR's way of keeping countries under control and troops would be used to stop satellite states from leaving
4. Seen as a response to NATO
  1. Khrushchev wanted to ensure safety of communist states that surrounded Soviet Russia and USSR as their leader
    1. Went to Yugoslavia to resume friendly relations with President Tito
  2. If there was a war- all countries in Warsaw Pact vs NATO
How peaceful peaceful co-existence was
1. Khrushchev made secret speech denouncing Stalin's brutality and stressing need for peace in February 1956
  1. Change in Soviet policy didn't stop USSR violently crushing challenges to Soviet control over communist Europe
2. Didn't put an end to crises between the superpowers, which continued the Cold War- Rivalry widened into space with development of spacecraft and implications that it had security
Hungarian Uprising: Background
1. Hungary- treated like a defeated country by Soviets after WW2 and reparations were taken from it.
2. With USSR's help, communist government under Rakosi was set up that followed Soviet's rules and oppositions were eliminated.
3. When Stalin died, Rakosi replaced by more moderate Imre Nagy
  1. 1955- Rakosi seized power again
4. After June 1956 where Rakosi accepted a change of leader in Poland after riots and after he condemned Stalin, Hungarians were encouraged to protest against Rakosi
  1. Hated AVH (secret police) who executed 2,000 opponents and over 200,000 imprisoned
  2. Falling standard of living
  3. Increase in poverty
5. End Soviet domination and improve relations with the West
  1. Improved economy+ living
Hungarian Rising: Events
1. October- riots in Budapest
2. Street fighting lasted for five days, Stalin's statue dragged down the streets
3. Prisoners freed
4. Only AVH remained loyal but were hung by rebels
5. Rakosi forced to resign and Soviet tanks moved in
6. Nagy became PM and Soviets withdrew
  1. Appeared as if USSR had been defeated by one of its own satellites
7. New Hungarian gov began reforms
  1. Free elections
    1. End of Communism
  2. End of secret police and no Soviet army occupation
  3. Withdrawal from Warsaw Pact and neutral role in Cold War
    1. Gap in Iron Curtain and Soviet buffer zone with the West will be broken
Soviet Control
1. Soviet troops re-entered Hungary on 1 Nov
2. Reached Budapest on 4 Nov
3. Over 1,000 tanks came to crush the rising
4. Nagy appealed to West but no help came
5. Soviet seized radio station and no organised defence after 4 Nov
6. 2 weeks of street fight followed
  1. Pro-soviet comm. gov under Kadar set up
  2. Nagy captured- promised free passage out of Hungary- shot

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The Cold War (Korean War- Hungarian Uprising)

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	Created by Sugandh Bhatnagar over 10 years ago