F212 Unit 1 Molecules Key Words

Biological Molecules
1. Water
  1. Polarity
    1. delta
  2. Cohesive
  3. hydrogen bonding
  4. Solvent
    1. ions
      1. Dissolve
  5. Temperature control
    1. Specific Heat Capacity
    2. Specific latent heat of evaporation
  6. density
    1. insulation
2. Carbohydrates
  1. Alpha Glucose
  2. polysaccharide formation
    1. condensation
    2. hydrolysis
    3. glycosidic bond
  3. beta glucose
  4. monosaccharides
  5. disaccharides
  6. polysaccharides
  7. Starch
    1. amylose
      1. cylinder
        compact
      2. unbrached
    2. amylopectin
      1. branched
      2. quick
    3. energy storage in plants
    4. insoluble in water
  8. glycogen
    1. similar to amylopectin
      1. more side branches though
    2. branched
      1. quick
    3. compact
    4. a-glucose
    5. energy store in animals
  9. cellulose
    1. plant cell wall
    2. beta-glucose
    3. long straight cellulose chains
    4. hydrogen bonds
    5. microfibrils
3. Proteins
  1. structures
    1. primary
      1. sequence
    2. secondary
      1. alpha helix
      2. beta pleated sheet
      3. hydrogen bonds
    3. tertiary
      1. ionic interactions
      2. hydrogen bonds
      3. hydrophobic, hydrophilic interactions
      4. disulfide bonds
    4. quaternary
      1. 3D
      2. chains
      3. prosthetic group
  2. carboxyl / acid group
  3. Amino group
  4. polypeptide formation
    1. condensation
    2. hydrolysis
    3. Peptide bonds
  5. Variable group
  6. dipeptide
  7. fibrous
    1. collagen
  8. globular
    1. haemoglobin
4. Lipids
  1. triglyceride
    1. 3 fatty acid tail
      1. unsaturated
    2. glycerol head
    3. ester bond
    4. energy store
      1. chemical energy
    5. insoluble
      1. osmosis
      2. droplets
  2. phospholipid
    1. phosphate group
      1. ionised
        attract water molecules
        hydrophilic
  3. hydrocarbons
  4. cholesterol
    1. hydrocarbon ring structure
      1. polar hydroxyl group attatched
    2. hydrocarbon tail
    3. phospholipid bilayer
Nucleic Acid
1. DNA - deoxyribose nucleic acid
  1. nucleotides
    1. Deoxyribose sugar - pentose
    2. phosphate
    3. nitrogenous bases
      1. pyrimidine
        cytosine
        thymine
      2. purine
        adenine
        guanine
    4. forms sugar phosphate backbone
      1. polynucleotide strand
        attach w/ hydrogen bonds between bases
        3 between G and C
        2 between A and T
        antiparallel
  2. double helix
  3. contain many genes
2. RNA - ribonucleic acid
  1. Uracil
  2. mRNA
  3. only one polynucleotide strand
  4. ribose sugar
3. DNA repliction
  1. semi conservative replication
    1. helicase
      1. hydrogen bonds
    2. DNA polymerase
      1. join
    3. template
    4. free floating nucleotides
    5. complementary
    6. original
4. protein synthesis
  1. gene
    1. 3 bases
      1. order
        codes
        amino acids
  2. mutations
    1. changes
      1. overall 3D shape
  3. mRNA
Enzymes
1. intracellular
2. extracellular
3. globular proteins
4. active site
  1. tertiary structure
  2. substrate
    1. enzyme substrate complex
    2. complementary
5. speed up
  1. activation energy for reaction
    1. reduce this
  2. anabolic
    1. reducing any repulsion
      1. join more easily
  3. catabolic
    1. strain on bonds in the substrate
      1. break more easily
6. lock and key
  1. complementary shape
7. induced fit
  1. tight
  2. enzyme substrate complex
    1. changed shape
  3. only one particular substrate
8. Temperature
  1. heat = kinetic energy
    1. more likely to collide
    2. energy of collisions increases
  2. optimum temperature
  3. too high
    1. vibrate more
      1. breaks bonds
        3D structure
        active site - denatured
        no enzyme substrate complex
        reaction stops
9. pH
  1. optimum
  2. acidic
    1. H+ ions
  3. alkaline
    1. OH- ions
  4. break hydrogen and ionic bonds
    1. tertiary structure
      1. denatured
10. Enzyme concentration
  1. increased conc.
    1. more enzyme molecules
      1. more likely to collide
        enzyme substrate complex
        increase rate
  2. limited amount of substrate
    1. at some point
      1. no further effect
11. substrate concentration
  1. increase conc.
    1. more substrate
      1. more enzyme substrate complexes
        increased rate
  2. limited amount of enzymes
    1. saturation
      1. all active sites are occupied
        no further effect
12. cofactors
  1. inorganic
  2. unchanged
  3. help make enzyme-substrate complex
13. coenzymes
  1. organic
  2. changed
  3. carriers - moving chemical groups
14. enzyme inhibitors
  1. competitive
    1. block
    2. similar shape
    3. relative conc.s
  2. noncompetitive
    1. bind away from active site
    2. change shape
    3. no longer bind
  3. reversible / non-reversible
    1. strength of bond
      1. strong
        inhibitor can't be removed easily
        irreversible

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F212 Unit 1 Molecules Key Words

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	Created by Gurdev Manchanda almost 9 years ago