Mammology Exam 1

Mammology Exam 1

1. Overall Phenologies to know

   • Class-Mammalia
     • Order-Monotremes
       • Family- Tachyglossidae (echidnas)
         • long protrusible tongue with viscous mucus
         • Food ground between spines at base of young and palate
         • Dentaries long and delicate
         • Thick hair and quills, with well-developed muscle beneath the skin
         • Distribution=Australia, Tasmania, new guinea
       • Family-Ornithorhynchidae (platypus)
         • Webbed feet (semiaquatic and fossorial)
         • Males with venom gland associated with spurs on hind feet
         • Eyes and ears sunk into furrows when submerged (are semi-aquatic)
         • Large flattened tail
         • Rostrum broad and duck-like
         • Gums covered by honrey plate with ridges to chop food= diet it aquatic inveretrates
         • Eastern austrialla
       • Oviparous (lay eggs)
       • Female with shell gland in oviduct
       • Male with abdominal testes (no scrotum)
       • both sexes have a cloaca-common opening
       • no nipples or teats associated with mammary glands
       • No auditory bulla; but oval typanic rings
       • Hibernation and topor
       • secondarily toothless
       • Sutures in the skull disappear
       • no lacrimals or jugals, hence zygomatic arch made up of maxilla and squamosal
       • Elongated and beak/ flattened rostrum covered in leathery skin with electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors
       • Forelimbs modified for digging=shor humerus with broad muscle attachments sites
       • Antimicrobial protien
     • Accessory jaw bone shifted away from craniomandibular joint
     • Stapes very small relative to the size of the skull
     • Atlas intercentrum and neutral aches fused to form a single, ring-shaped osseous structure
     • epiphyes on long bone and girdles
     • 4 chamber heart w/ myocardium
     • heart with atrioventricular node
     • single aortic trunk
     • A pulmonary artery with 3 semilunar valves
     • Erythrocytes lack nuclei at maturiy
     • endothermy
     • CNS coved with 3 meninges
     • hair
     • the muscular diaphragm separates pleural and abdominal cavities=breathing
     • common lung structure
     • epiglottis
     • Skin with erector muscles
     • sebaceous glands
     • Mammary glands
     • cerebellum folded
     • Increased size in cerebral hemispheres and development of neo cortex
     • Nerve filaments with 3 polypeptides
     • Brain with divided optic lobes
     • Xenarthra-superorder
       • Cingulata-Order
         • Dasypodidae (armodillio)-family
           • Body covered with keratin scutes overlying bony plates
           • Skull elongated, flattened, rostrum elongated
           • Cheeck teeth homodont
           • expanded ischium
           • axial skeleton made rigid by fusions
           • Powerful fore and hind legs =enlarged for muscle attachments, elongated olecranon and calcium for muscle attachments
           • Central and southeastern Us and south america
       • Piolosa-order
         • Folivora (sloth)- suborder
           • Choloepodidae (2 toed sloth)- family
             • 2 toed with claws on fore feet
             • 1st pair of cheek teeth caniniform
           • Bradypodidae (3 toed sloth)- family
             • 3 toes with claws on forefeet
             • No teeth caniniform
           • Skull blocky, snout blunt, -robust zygomatic process
           • Fore limbs much longer than hind limbs
           • All cheek teeth homodont, molars and premolars
           • Teeth are persistently growing
           • Chambered stomach to enhance digestion through fermeentation
           • Tall and small
           • Distribution-Neotropical
         • Vermilingua (anteaters)-suborder
           • Cyclopedidae (silky anteater)-family
           • Myrmecophagidae (giant anteater and tamandua)-family
           • No teeth
           • very long tounge, protrusible, worm like
           • Skull elongated-rostum very tall and long and curving downward with complex turbinals
           • Jaw muscles reduced
           • Thickened pyloric part of stomach to grind up prey that are swallowed
           • thickened pyloric part of stomach to grind up prey that are swallowed whole
           • Powerful forelimbs for digging
           • Distribution-neotropical
       • extra zygapophyses on posterior thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
       • Forefoot with 2-3 prominent clawed digits
       • Loss or simplification of dentition
       • Low metabolic rate- low body temp and correlated diet
     • Afrotheria-superorder
       • Sirenia-order
         • Trichechidae- family (manatees)
           • Rounded tail fluke, small nasal bone
           • long cheek teeth - polyphyodentry
           • Occlusal surface of check teeth with crossed ridges
         • Dugongidae-family (dugongs)
           • Notched tail fluke
           • Cheek teeth larger and columar
           • No nasal bone-with open roots and occlusal surfaces are wrinkled and bunodant
           • Upper incisor tusklike in males, small and often not protruding through gum
         • Aquatic characteristics- Forelimbs shaped as paddles, fusiform body, only vestiges of hind limbs, horrizontal tail fluke is propulshion structure, no external ears pinnae and eyes are small, mainly hairless, elongated lungs and horizontal diaphram to increase horizontal stability
         • Dental-mantees with tooth replacement pattern like elephant, 2 -3 pairs of open rooted check teeth with no enamal
         • Overhanging upper lib that functions as organ of prehension- studded with vibrissae
         • Nasal bones reduced or absent, deep dentary bones
         • Hind gut fermentation
         • Low metabolic rate
         • Distribution-tropical costal marine and fresh water river system
       • Tenrecomorpha-order
         • mobile snout used to probe fir prey
           • enhanced dependence on olfaction
           • enhanced dependence on tactile senses
         • Eye reduction
         • Jugal reduced or absent and any squamosal and or maxillia makes up zygomatitic arch
         • enlarged and speciallized incisors
         • heterothermic with daily or seasonal topor
         • Terrecidiae-family
           • in madagascar, fills all insectivors niches
           • upper masks with shaped occlusal shaped patten
           • no jugal zygomatic arch
           • some heterothemic
           • some use toungd clicks in echolocation
         • Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
           • Burrowing/fossorial adaptationsa. short, broad humerus 3rd bone in forelimb
           • long olecranon process
           • missing digit 5, and digits 2 and 3 are large with huge, pick-like claws
           • long scapula
           • no pinnae
           • small eyes covered with skin and fur; optic nerve is degenerated
           • first upper incisors inclined backward
           • pointed snout (conical skull) with leathery pad on tip
           • enlarged malleus
           • Zalambdodont upper molar occlusal pattern
         • Africa and Madagascar
       • Order- proboscidea
         • Elephantide- family
           • Dispersal- world wide spread from africa to the middle east
           • Graviportal adaptations
           • Dental adaptations-hyposodont, check teeth cusps arranged in longitudinal rows
           • Teeth erupt in posterior to anterior direction, 1 tooth in each jaw is functional
           • prroboscis (trunk)
           • short and high skull
           • hindgut formentation
           • Little hair and large ears=thermoregulation
       • Order Hyracoidea
         • Family Procaviidae
           • Dispersal-Afric and limited parts of Middle East
           • Mesaxonic foot-weight goes through the middle digit (running adaption)
           • Cheek teeth- simple lophodont, brachodont or hyposodont
           • Medial Upper incisors triangular and recurved and tusk- like open root
           • deep dentaries
           • Long Vertebral column
           • Specialized elastic pads on soles of feet that can be copped by special muscles for traction
           • Low metabolic rate and behaviors thermoregulation (sun bathing)
           • ceca for bacterial formation
       • Order Tubulidentata
         • Family Orycteropodidae
           • Fore limbs modified for digging (large, heavy bones), claws flattened and blunt, large olecraron process and short radius/ ulna,
           • all bones thick and rough
           • cheeck teeth large and uniquely structured
           • ant eating adaptations- slender prrotrusible tongue and elongated snout
           • relises on olfaction
           • thick skin
           • Claws intermediate between houf and nail
           • Large pinnae
           • African
       • Order Macroscelidea
         • Family Macroscelididae (elephant shrews)
           • Cursorial adaptations (running)
           • elongated snout the is flexible and sensitive to touch=prroboscis
           • unique aditory bulla
           • Intestinal cecum
           • Basking and daily torpor
           • molars with 4 cusps
           • Africa
     • Euagrchontoglires-superorder
       • Primates-order
         • Grasping foot and /or hand with opposable hallux/pollex
         • Nail on hallux, may have claws or nails on other digits
         • Hindlimbs dominace during locomotion-center of gravity
         • Some degree of forward rotation of orbits (postorbital bar and enlarged orbits)
         • Steroscopic vision (depth perception)
         • reduced rostum and olfactory sense
         • Fetal and neonatal brain size greater relative to body size of mother
         • Fetal growth is slow relative to maternal weight
         • sexual maturity is late
         • life span is typically long
         • loss of 1 incisor and 1 premolar from primative eutherian dental formula
         • Bunodont teeth-low rounded cusps (omnivors)
         • Strepsirhine-suboder
           • Gromming tooth claw-incisors and lower cannines
           • grooming tooth claw on 2nd digit
           • Nocternal
           • Small body size
           • Epitheliochorial placenta
           • Naked rhinorium with medium cleft, slit0like nostrils
           • Postorbital bar instead of post orbital plate
           • Distribution-Africa, Madagascar and asia
           • Lemuridae-family
             • long hindlimbs, long flexible lumbar region=locomotion by vertical clinging and leaping
             • Upper incissors unformily small, peg-like with long medium diastima
             • Madagascar
           • Indridae-family
             • long hindlimbs, long flexible lumbar region=locomotion by vertical clinging and leaping
             • Last 3 digits of hind feet joined by flaps to skin to act as a unit
             • specialized larynx to produce loud calls
             • madagascar
           • Daubentoniidae-family
             • Incisors VI, chisel shaped
             • lateral diastema behind incisors
             • 3rd digit in forfoot long and slender
             • Madagascar
           • Galagidae-family
             • long hind limbs
             • Track pads on digits
             • large ear pinnae
             • Africa
           • Lorisidae-family
             • arboreal quadrupedalism (equal lenght of legs)
             • Wide divergence of thumb and big toe
             • Specail blood vessels in hand=contract mucles and hold o to branches for hours
             • Low metabolic rate
             • Africa
         • Haplorrhini-suborder
           • Fushion of upper lip (no philtrum)
           • Haplorrhine adaptations of the nose (round of nostrils, absence of moist naked rhinrium)
           • Reduced nose (Face)
           • Enlarged orbits w/ postorbital plates
           • hemochorial placentation (very close contact bettween mother and fetal blood)
           • presence of fovea centrails in eye and absence of a tapetum lueidum=day time vision
           • Tarsiidae-family
             • Southeast Asia (Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Philippines)
             • Hindlimbs longer the fore limbs, enlongated tarsals (calcaneum and navicular)=vertical clinining + leaping
             • Tips of dgits with gripping pads
             • huge eyes+ nostilswith prominate ridge around each orbit
             • lacking cones (secondarily nocturnal)
           • Family Cebidae
             • Neotropical- New World Monkeys
             • Cebinae- subfamily (capuchins and squrial monkeys)
               • Capuchines with prehensile tail, nails on digits, often aroboral quadrupedelism
               • Often in groups, cooperative beahavior
             • Callitrichinae-subfamily (tamarins and marmosets
               • aroboral quadrupedelism-opposable thumbs, big toes, claws
               • chisel-shaped medial incisors
               • small size
               • hair tuffs
               • in groups- cooperation, twins (faternal)
             • high brain case, short rostrum
             • diunranl,vocal, gregarious
             • Areboreal quadrupedalism
           • Atelidae (spider and howler monkeys)
             • Long prehensile tail
             • some (spidemonkeys) use semibrachiation (arms swining)
             • Varriation in hand strucutre
             • South america and up to mexico
           • Family Cercopithecidae
             • Only nails on digits
             • upper and lower molars quadrate
             • cannines sexually dimorphic, 1st lower pre moar enlarged to form shearing blade
             • Visual communication through ischial callusisies and perineal swelling
             • well developed facial muscles for wide varitey of expressions
             • Group living, diurnal
             • Subfamily Cercopithecinae
             • Subfamily Colubinae
             • Africa and Asia
           • Hylobatudae-family
             • long arms, larger hormoral head, short compoent back, long hook-like hands=true brachiator
             • mustey frugivors
             • manogmous familly, teritorial, voal dueting
             • pollex reduced by opposable
             • no tail
             • only nails
             • Asia
           • Hominide-family
             • No tails
             • well developed facial muscles for facial expressivness
             • only nails
             • Brachiation and quadrumenual clombering (orangutan), semierect, Knucle walking (long ilium, short lumbar= chips and gorilla, erect bipedalism
             • large body size
             • sexually dimorphism
             • long childhood
             • relativly bigger bodies
             • originally African and Asian (now, worldwide)
       • Dermoptera-order
         • Cynocephalidae-family (flying colugo)
           • Furred membrane (patagium) running from neck to fingers, between limbs bettween fingers and toes, from hind limbs bettween fingers and toes from hind limbs to tail
           • long smooth for enhance turbulence
           • radius elongate but distal ulna reduced,= no rotational movments in arm
           • sternum keeled and ribs broad-muscular attachments
           • lower incisors spatulate, with margins like teeth of a comb (as margins like teeth of a comb)
           • Herbivor adaptations- crenulated enamal of molars
           • lateral upper incisors are caniniforms
           • double rooted canines
           • long prehensile tounge for feeding
           • Southeast Asia
       • Scandentia-order
         • Tuiidae-family
           • Caninforms, upper incisors, upper canines reduced
           • lower tooth comb of 4 lower incisors
           • Complete postorbital bar
           • Keen sense of smell, hearing and vision
           • arboreal adaptations
           • Southeast Asia
       • Rodenti- order
         • Dental formula 1/0 0/0, premolars usallly absent, diastema, incsiors ever growing
         • Changes in attachment of masseter muscle= increased gnawing and gridning power
         • orbital cavity lies just dorsal to check teeth
         • ramus lies anterior to the first check tooth
         • temporallis smaller than masseter with coronoid process reduced in myomorphous
         • Mandibular fossa of squamosal is enlongated to allow anterposterior and transverse jaw action
         • Mandibular symphysis unfused so that the dentery bone can move in relation to eachother and spread aprat the tips of the lower jaw
         • Suborder Sciuromorpha
           • Sciuridae-family (flying and reg. squirels, marrmots and ground hog)
             • features in jaw musculature and dentition
             • infraorbital foramen very small and slit-like
             • Relativilty unspeciallized post cranisally
             • Some species with true hibernation
           • world wide distribution
         • Suborder-Castorimorpha
           • Family- Castoridae (beavers)
             • Adaptations for semiaquatic life: large webbed feet, small eys, can open mouth under water w/o water in lungs
             • Specilized for feeding on bark, large masserter, well developed incisors
             • Sciurormorphic with conspicous lateral depression on rostrum
             • external auditory metatus
             • Castor sacs and anal glands for olfactory making
             • North America and europe
           • Family- Geomyidae (pocket goffers)
             • fossorial adaptations: large claws on fore and hind feet, short powerful humerous and keeled sternum and small eyes and pinnae
             • Massive skull, widley flarred zygomatic arch, prominet ridges on skull for muscle attachment
             • large incisors, lips close behind incisors to keep dirt out while using incisors to chisel, ever gowing cheeck tooth
             • ecternal opening cheeck pouches to transport foor
             • sciuromorphus, rostum with depressions for lateral masseter
             • New world distribution
         • Suborder- Myomorpha
           • Cricetidae- family
             • Nearly world wide
             • Myomorphous
             • Molars with 2 parelle longitudinal rows of cusps
             • second largest family
             • Neotominae-white footed mice
           • Muridae-family
             • Nearly world wide
             • Myomorphous
             • Dental characteristics (lack premolars, 3 transverse cusps
             • largest rodent famil
         • Suborder- Hystricomorpha
           • Hysticomphous masseter arrangment
           • no zygomatic plate
           • Clade- Cavimorph Rodents
             • Smaller litter size
             • long gestation, precocial young
             • Erethizontidae (new world porcupines)- family
               • Hair as quills
               • Soles of feet naked with claws
               • Robust skull, huge infororrbital foramen
               • northern South America to North America
             • Dasyproctidae- family
               • Cursorial adaptation
               • South and Central America, Mexico
             • Chinchillidae- family (chinchilla)
               • Densley furred and wel fured tail
               • Cursorial adaptation
               • South America
             • Caviidae -family (Ginea pigs)
               • Cursorial adaptation
               • cecotrophy- eating feces
               • South America
             • Family Hystricidae- Old World porcupines;
               • Africa, Asia, southern Europe;
               • hairs modified as quills; occipital region of skull strongly built (attachment for powerful muscles); many with greatly inflated rostra
             • Family Bathyergidae (mole rat)
               • Africa, Asia, southern Europe;
               • burrowing and fossorial adaptations (strong incisors for chiseling, large clawed forefeet, lips meet behind incisors = excavates with incisors, push dirt behind with forefeet, kick it behind with hind feet)
       • Lagomorpha- Order
         • adaptations to herbivory- ever growing incisors, long diasterma, complex occlusal surface, large masseter
         • fenestration on side of skull
         • tibia and fibula fused distally
         • Foot poster is digitagrade while running and platigrade at other times
         • reduced tail
         • hindgut fermentation
         • Ochotonidae- family (little rabits)
           • Skull flattened and restricted bettween orbitals
           • dental characteristics (loss of 3rd upper molar, occlusal pattern)
           • nostrils can be complelty closed
           • feet heavily furred underneeth
           • no externly visable tail
           • anal and genetail openings enclosed by a common sphincter
           • no scrotum
           • Northern America and eurpoe
         • Leporidae-family
           • adaptaions for cursoial and bounding gates=rudimentry clavical; enongated hind limbs; adaptaions to limit movment of elbow joint to the anterpostiero
           • joint in skull for cranial kinesis- absorbes shock to skull while bounding
           • skull is arched and slightly constricted bettween orbits
           • cecum is largest part of digestive tract
           • ears longer than wide, with tubular proximal part
           • sensory pad located at the entrance of each nostril
           • World wide range
         • World wide