Bio Chemistry

Bio Chemistry

1. Carbon (four binding sights)

   • Organic Macromolecules
     • Lipids
       • Fats, oils, waxes, hormones
       • Phospolipids
         • Phospholipid bilayer - cell membrane
           • Polar phosphate head with fatty acid tail
       • Functions
         • Enrgy storage (twice as much as carbohydrates)
         • Cell membrane
         • Cushions/insulates organs and body
         • Hormones
         • Waxes
       • Saturated Fats
         • Saturated = filled, all carbons are bound to two hydrogens
       • Unsaturated Fats
         • unsaturated = not filled, not all carbons are paired with two hydrogens, atleast two carbons are double bound to eachother
     • Carbohydrates
       • Sugars
         • Monosaccharides
         • Disaccharides
         • Polysaccharides
       • Functions
         • Store and Release "quick" energy
         • Structural components of plants and insects
     • Nucleic Acids
       • DNA/RNA
       • Functions
         • Stores Genetic Info
         • Transfers Information
       • Nucleotides
         • Phosphate Group - 5 Carbon Sugar - Nitrogen Base
           • Ribose or Deoxyribose
           • Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
             • Thymine only in DNA
             • Uracil only in RNA
             • Purines (double ring nitrogen base)
               • Adenine
               • Guanine
             • Pyrimidines (Single ring nitrogen base)
               • Cytosine
               • Thymine
               • Uracil
     • Proteins
       • Functions
         • Hormones
         • Movement
         • Immune System
         • Enzymes
           • Function of enzymes
             • Acts as a biological catalyst in chemical reactions, speeds up reaction without affecting itself
           • How it works
             • Substrate(s) binds to the active site of the enzyme, enzyme then either adds (anabolism) the substrates or breaks (catabolism) the substrate.
               • Anabolism
                 • Lock-and-Key method
                 • Induced fit method
       • Structure
         • Central Carbon
         • Amino Group
         • Carboxyl Group
         • R Group (Variable Group)
           • Gives unique chemical properties to each amino acid
       • Peptide bond joins amino acids
     • Elements
       • Lipids - C,H,O
       • Proteins - C,H,O,N
       • Nucleic Acids - C,H,O,N,P
       • Carbohydrates - C,H,O

2. Monomers

   • Lipids - fatty acids
   • Proteins - Amino Acids
   • Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides
   • Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides

3. Polymers

   • Lipids - Triglycerides
   • Proteins - Polypeptides
   • Nucleic Acids - DNA or RNA
   • Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides

4. pH - Acidity or Alkalinity of a substance

   • Acidic - Low pH
   • Alkaline - High pH

5. Polar molecules - equal sharing of electrons

6. Non-Polar molecules - unequal sharing of electrons

7. Bonds

   • Hydrogen
     • Weak bond formed between two hydrogen atoms
   • Covalent
     • Strong bond formed from the sharing of valence electrons
   • Ionic
     • When molecules take electrons from the other