English Language

English Language

1. Punctuation

   • Capital Letter (C)
     • Start Sentences
     • Proper Nouns/Adjectives
     • Titles of books,films etc.
     • First word of direct speech
   • Full Stop (.)
     • End of sentences
     • Abbreviations
   • Comma (,)
     • Lists
     • Where phrases begin and end
     • Additional Info
     • Before and after however & nevertheless
     • Introductory word/phrases
     • NOT joining 2 sentences
   • Semi-colons (;)
     • Long pause that balances = ideas
     • Also opposite ides
     • Joins clauses where no conjunction
     • Can replace full stop, and, but, so, for & although
   • Colon (:)
     • List, idea or explanation following
     • Introduces quotation
     • Dialog
   • Question Mark (?)
     • End of question
     • Rhetorical question
   • Exclamation Mark (!)
     • Exclamations/Interjections
     • Accentuate tone
     • Used with: Yelled, shouted, exclaimed, commanded, etc.
     • Emotions: fear, happiness, anxiety, shock , misery
   • Quotations Marks(")
     • Direct speech
     • Quote
     • Titles
     • Slang
     • Metaphoric uses
   • Parenthesis ( ( ) )
     • Additional info
     • Replaced by commas/dashes
   • Hyphen (-)
     • Links words and prefixes
     • Differentiate meanings
     • Prefix ends in vowel and word begins in vowel
     • Completing words on next line
   • Dash ( - )
     • Pause
     • Additional info
     • Comment / afterthought
     • Climax / anti-climax
   • Apostrphe
     • Contractions
       • shows where 2 words joined and letters left out
     • Possesstion
       • Singulare add 's
       • Owners Plural ending in s add '
       • Name ending in s add 's
       • Biblical/Classical names ending in s add '
       • end is ss add 's
       • Word plural ending in s add 's

2. Types of sentences

   • Simple
     • 1 Finite verb
     • 1 Idea
   • Compound
     • 2+ Finite verbs
     • Co-ordination conjunctions (FANBOYS)
       • For
       • And
       • Nor
       • But
       • Or
       • Yet
       • So
   • Complex
     • 1 main cluase
     • 1+ subornate clauses
     • Subordinating conjunctions

3. Parts of speech

   • Noun
     • Common
       • Every day things
     • Proper
       • People, Places etc.
     • Collective
       • Collection or group
     • Abstract
       • Not visible / tangable
   • Pronoun
     • Replaces noun
   • Adjective
     • Describes noun
   • Verb
     • Doing word
   • Abverb
     • Describes verb
   • Gerund
     • Verb used as noun
   • Conjuction
     • Joins sentences
   • Preposition
     • Small word which relate words / phrases
   • Article
     • Definte
       • the
     • Indefinite
       • A / An

4. Figures of speech

   • Simile
     • Comparison with like/as
   • Metaphor
     • Comparison without like/as
   • Personification
     • Human like qualities to objects/ideas
   • Anthropomorphism
     • Human like qualities to animal
   • Allereration
     • Repetition of consonant sounds
   • Assonance
     • Repetition of vowel sounds
   • Onomatopoeia
     • Imitates real life sounds
   • Pun
     • Play on words with double meaning
     • Rhetoric
       • Getting a point across - well - though speech
   • Euphemism
     • Unpleasant situation in sensitive manner
   • Irony
     • Implies opposite of what is said

5. Speech

   • Direct
     • Exact word of speaker
     • Inverted commas
   • Indirect
     • Inverted commas removed
     • Pronouns change
     • That
     • asked etc. = if or whether
     • Today = that day etc.
     • Here = there
     • Ouch, Hooray = with pain / joy

6. Voice

   • Active
     • Subject is doing the action
   • Passive
     • Subject is have the action done to it

7. Emotive language

   • Subjective
   • Opinion
   • Connotation
     • Strong words
   • Bias / Predudice
   • Propaganda
   • Dramatic words

8. Correction of sentences

   • Ambiguity
     • Unintentional double meaning
   • Concord
     • Incorrect conjugation
   • Tautology
     • Repetition of info
   • Pronoun consisteny
   • misrelated participle
     • Verb to wrong noun
   • Word order
   • Less/Fewer
     • Less = countable
     • Fewer = not countable
   • Amount / number
     • Amount = Volume
     • Number = countable