Motivation & Leadership

Motivation & Leadership

1. Leadership

   • Management = communicating tasks
   • Leadership = motivating, inspiring
   • Transformational
     • inspire followers
   • Charismatic
     • use expressive language
   • Situational
     • Normative Model (Vroom & Yetton 1973)
       • A1: complete autocratic
       • A2: leader has info, own final decision
       • C1: leader shares problems with individual follower, gathering ideas, making final decision
       • C2: leader shared problems with group, decides on his own
       • G2: leader shares problems with group, consensus agreement
   • Contingency approach
     • effectiveness of leadership depends on demands of situation
   • Behavioural
     • leaders can be made, rather than born
   • Laissez-faire
     • abdicate responsibility
   • Trait Theory
     • inherited traits
       • personality (dominance, assertiveness), social (responsibility, initiative), background (social status, education)

2. Motivation

   • Level - amount of energy
   • Direction - individual's choice
   • Persistence - amount of time
   • extrinsic
     • merit-pay = money for performance
   • intrinsic
     • empowerment = managers delegate power

3. Theories

   • Acquired Needs Theory (McClelland 1961)
     • achievement - solve problems
     • affiliation - maintain friends
     • power - influence others
   • ERG Theory (Alderfer 1973)
     • existence - wellbeing
     • relatedness - interpersonal relationships
     • growth - personal development
   • Expectancy Theory (Vroom 1964)
     • motivated when they expect to achieve goals
       • how much you value outcome
       • relationship between effort & outcome
       • capability of achieving outcome
   • Equity Theory (Adams)
     • what I put in the job
     • what I get from job
   • Hierarchy Of Needs (Maslow)
     • low-order (physiological, safety, belongingness)
     • high-order (esteem, self-actualisation)

4. impacts productivity

   • job satisfaction