Internal factors (1)

Internal factors (1)

1. Labelling + teacher racism

   • Black pupils and discipline
     • Gillborn and Youdell
       • Teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils
       • Because of racialised expectations, teachers misinterpreted their behaviour as threatening
       • Black pupils felt underestimated and picked on
     • Osler
       • Black students have higher rates of exclusions, and also internal exclusions (where they are sent out of class)
   • Streaming
     • Foster
       • Streaming black pupils on the basis of negative stereotypes can result in self-fulfilling prophecy of underachievement
   • Asian pupils
     • Wright
       • Multi-ethnic primary school shows Asian pupils can also be victims of teacher labelling
       • Teachers assumed they would have a poor grasp of English and left them out of class discussions, or used simplistic language

2. Pupil identities

   • Archer
     • Dominant discourse constructs three different pupil identities
       • Ideal: white, middle-class, masculinised identity, with a normal sexuality.
       • Pathologised: An Asian, deserving poor, feminised identity either asexual or oppressed sexuality. Seen as "over achiever"
       • Demonised: black or white working class, hyper-sexual identity. Seen as unintelligent
         • Black students are more likely to be seen like this
     • Teachers stereotype Asian girls as quiet.
       • Shain
         • If they challenge this stereotype they are dealt with more severely
   • Chinese pupils
     • Archer + Francis
       • Asians are seen as a negative positive stereotype
         • They were seen as having achieved success in the "wrong" way, through hard work and not natural ability

3. Pupil responses + subcultures

   • Fuller
     • 11 girls in London who were high achievers
       • Instead of them following negative labels they pushed for academic sucess
       • They remained friends with those in lower streams
   • Mac an Ghaill
     • Studied black and Asian A grade students
       • Showed similar results that negative labelling doesn't always lead to failure
   • Mirza
     • Studied ambitious black girls who faced teacher racism
     • Three main types of teacher racism
       • Colour blind: those who believe students are all equal but allow racism to go ahead
       • Liberal chauvinists: teachers who believe black pupils are culturally deprived and have low expectations of them
       • Overt: teachers who believe blacks are inferior and discriminates against them
   • Sewell
     • Four responses to racism
       • Retreatists: disconnected from school and black subcultures
       • Rebels: most influential group, small minority of black pupils, often excluded from school. Anti school subculture
       • Conformists: largest group, they were keen to succeed and had friends from different ethnic groups
       • Innovators: second largest group, pro-education but anti-school, they wanted success but didn't seek approval from teachers