Synthetic Enzymes

Synthetic Enzymes

1. Medicine

   • The enzymes made into medical applications can be divided into 3 kinds of medicines:treatments towards disorders; helping with metabolism; helping manufactured in medicine.( Peter,2012)
   • Enzymes used as a treatment of disorder
     • As a treatment of disorder, it help patients with blood clots,inflammation and dissolve them in blood.("SERRAPEPTASE: Uses, side-effects,interaction and warning",2015)
     • The work mechanism of serrapeptides is to break down the protein inside human body.
     • Serratopeptides
       • Serratopeptides is an enzyme that found in silkworm's body to help them "digest their coccons".(2017,2017a) It is also classified as dietary supplement in U.S.A.
       • inflammation
         • When some virus or bacteria trying to get into our body, our  body will give back a symptom showed as "inflammation".(Written & Nordqvist, 2015)
         • "Inflammatory response"
           • The response caused by inflammations.Enzymes like serrapeptides and papain are vital controller of and "regulators' of this response.( Written & Nordqvist, 2015)
   • Enzymes used in manufactured medcine
     • A lot enzymes used in this field to convert "pro-drug" into drug than human can use.( Peter, 2012)
     • Immobilized enzymes
       • They are enzyme which attached to the inet materials.
       • Antibiotic
         • Antibiotics is another "helpful" toxins for human cell to destroy foreign bacteria without harming human body cells. It works between the differences of large amount of enzymes inside cytoplasm. (Brain,2001)
         • Overuse
           • The presence of antibiotic in human body affect the survival of good virus.The over using of antibiotic will lead to"[ building] up resistance in pathogenic bacteria, causing the antibiotics to fail, and previously managed disease to be untreatable."(Lyer, 2014)
       • Enzymes Immbilization
         • It is a process of extract enzymes to isolated statues. It plays an important role in preservation of enzymes for medical usage.( shageena,2012)
   • Enzymes used to assist in metabolism
     • In human digestive system, as ages grows, the efficiency for absorbing and digestive is poor. To help the older people, papain orally pill is invented for helping them.( Peter,2012)
     • Papain
       • Papain: a kind of enzymes extracted from tree papaya. The work mechanism is the same with serrapeptides---break down proteins.("PAPAIN:Uses, sideeffects,interactions and warnings,"2005)
       • psoriasis
         • The papain specialized in treating the skin diseas called " psoriasis".("Psoriasis-topic overview, 1995) It is disease that the skin cell grows much faster than normal level and the symptoms is "thicky,white,red skin".("Psoriasis-topic overview,1995)

2. Industries

   • (Articles,2011)
   • Primary Industry
     • Agricultural Industry
       • Genetic Engineering
         • It's a bio-engineering that uses bio techonology to manipulate organsim' s DNA informations. Scientist use this method to produce high economic efficiency products on agricultural aspect which contributed to stop famine from spreading.
         • Genetic engineering made a huge progress on medical development which is that people right now can be noticed to their family illnesses history before they had it. Once been noticed, by using the following two important components of DNA, they can much lower their possibility of getting the diseases.
         • Meanwhile, it also gives hope to patients who are on the waiting list for organ transplants since it can copy the DNA from the original body.
         • Polymerases
           • They enzymes which create DNA by constituting nucleotides, also know as the basic unit of DNA. They are essential in the procedure of duplicate one original DNA strand into double strands.(Mandal,2014)
           • Even though Genetic Engineering has lots of benefits on human life, it also brings a lot of ethnic problems. People are arguing that whether GMO food will have influence on human or should we 'copy' human or any spices of creatures.
             • GMO ( Genetically modified organism) foods are foods had been changed the arrangements of their DNA informations so that advantages parts will improved but shortcoming part will decrease.  
         • Restrictive Enzymes
           • They are "DNA-cutting enzymes". ('Restriction enzymes"n.d.). By their function of cutting, scientists think this will help the "restriction modification system'' work.( Kobayashi,2001)
           • Restriction modification system
             • They are the "prime immune system'' in bacteria.(Vasu & Nagaraja, 2013)The ability of recognize the foreign DNA and them destroy them help bacteria protect themselves. ( Vasu & NAgaraja,2013)
           • Found in Escherichia coil
     • Mining Industry
       • Enzymes produced by metallosphaera sedula
         • This kind of enzymes participate in “the reduction of metal ions form metal sulfates“ as catalyst.（Team,2015)
         • Metallosphaera Sedula
           • Isolated from a volcanic field in Italy. The meaning behind the words is "busy at metal mobilizing sphere".("Metallosphaera Sedula, 2008) It has unusually tolerant of heavy metals.("Metallosphaera Sedula",2008)
     • Foresty Industry
       • Xylanases
         • It is one of the major component of plants cell wall.("Xylanases",2016). The resource of these enzymes are fungi.It cna be used to blench wood for papermaking. 
         • Dough conditioner
           • Dough conditioner: its a ingredient or chemical compound that added to dough to make its structure more strengthened.
           • These enzymes can improve dough's ability of absorption of water.("Xylanases", 2016)
         • Bio Fuel
           • Scientists in Agricultural Research Service in California trying to make biofuel through xylanases. Inside this mushroom, there is a gene that impacted on how mushroom will dissolve in wood. if they can make the dissolving procedure faster, this could help them make ethanol which is a kind of bio fuel.(Wood, 2005)
           • Bio fuel:
         • By using xylanases, scientists find a cleaner way for textile industry and also reduce the amount of raw materials.
   • Secondary Indutry
     • Food industry
       • Right now three major recombinant fungal lipases used in food industry:"Rhizomucor miehi, Thermomyces lanuginosus and Fusarium oxysporam."(Adrio&Demain,2014)
       • Rennet (cheese)
         • Extracted from young cows that haven not drink anything except than milk. When added to milk,it will cause milk to "coagulate"(2017,2017).
     • Textile industry
       • "Biotex"
         • The first detergent containning a bacterial protease.(Adrio&Demain, 2014)
         • Protease
           • It is a group of enzymes which break down large long "chainlike" protein into short sections and at last turned into amino acid.( The Editors of Encyclopadia Britannica, 2017)
   • Tertiary Industry
     • Health Service
     • Army
       • The history of using chemical warfare started from 1915 Belgium  Chlorine gas and the convention of the warfare was the Sarin in Japan. (Prokop,Oplustil,DeFrank,& Damborsky,2006)
       • Sarin
         • A guy call Mazur found an enzyme could hydrolyze and detoxify them. The squid DFPases was the best treatment towards nerve agents like Sarin at at time.(Prokop,Oplustil,DeFrank,& Damborsky,2006)
       • chemical Warfare
         • Once the nerve agent attached to human's respiratory system, they work like turning off the switch for human body enzymes. Then the muscle movements controlled by enzymes will stop. People start to stop breathing.

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