How do we communicate?

"Talking"
1. Non-verbal
  1. Eye pointing
  2. Style of dress
  3. Gestures
  4. Facial Expression
  5. Non-verbal vocalisation
  6. Augmentative and Alternative (AAC)
    1. Unaided
      1. Sign Language
      2. Body Language
    2. Permanent or Temporary
    3. Aided
      1. "High - Tech"
        VOCAs
        Switches
      2. "Low - Tech"
        PECS
        Objects of Reference
        Communication boards / mats
        Symbols
        Pictures
        Braille
  7. Sign Language
    1. Makaton
    2. BSL
  8. Body Language
2. Verbal
  1. Awareness of speech and language impairments
    1. Congenital
      1. Cleft palate, stammer, teeth...
      2. Cerebral Palsy
      3. Learning difficulties and disabilities
      4. Autism (ASD / ASC)
      5. Tay-Sachs Disease
    2. Acquired - Dysarthria/Anarthria
      1. Brain Injury (ABI)
      2. Huntington's / Parkinson's Disease
      3. Motor Neurone Disease
      4. Brain tumour
      5. Stroke
      6. Multiple Sclerosis
      7. Lyme Disease (Ticks)
      8. Intracranial Hypertension
    3. Difficulty with physical aspect of communication and also with comprehension
  2. Speech Production lags behind the ability to perceive the same sounds, due to dependence on physical development (the ability to control vocal chords, mouth, tongue and lips). Children pass through same phases.
    1. Phase 1: Beginning Language - cries to satisfy biological needs; chuckles; gurgles; coos; babbles (repeated sound patterns); recognises human voices & own name; sounds signify emotions; first real words; understands more language than can be verbalised.
    2. Phase 2: Early Language - own grammar style (approximation of adult style) confusion / overgeneralisations common; beginning to develop awareness of listener needs feedback and begins to provide info when introducing new topic; awareness of some social conventions; gives simple descriptions of past events; shows interest in explanations of how and why.
    3. Phase 3: Exploratory Language - has grasped most grammatical rules but may still overgeneralise; contributes appropriately to interactions; adopts language for social control; includes when, who, where, what in recounts; uses language to explain, enquire and compare.
    4. Phase 4: Emergent Language - judges when a sentence is grammatically correct and adapts accordingly; uses tone, volume, pace, pattern, intonation pattern and gesture to enhance meaning; takes into account audience and purpose; sustains conversations; develops specific vocabulary for different purposes; uses language to predict and recall; uses language to interact with peers.
    5. Phase 7: Proficient Language - Uses language to include or exclude others, e.g. paraphrasing technical terms; uses language critically to reflect on and analyse spoken and written texts; uses text structures and language features confidently according to purpose; uses strategies such as note taking to summarise or prepare; uses language for reflection and further development, e.g. can recognise when further information is required to clarify understandings.
    6. Phase 8: Advanced Language - sophisticated understanding of the power and effect of spoken language; interacts responsively, critically and confidently; analyses characteristics of intended audiences and demonstrates psychological and interpretive insights in choosing approaches that suit; analyses spoken texts in terms of the socio-cultural values, attitudes and assumptions they convey; identifies and analyses characteristics of a speaker's tone and style of presentation; goes beyond own experience to enhance own knowledge and understanding.
    7. Phase 5: Consolidated Language - effectively shares ideas, offers advice, opinion and information and reacts to contributions of others; recognises that language is adapted to meet social and situational needs; demonstrates ability to develop a topic; interprets texts from own point of view; develops reason and logic (draws conclusions, makes inferences, justifies and explains statements) asks questions and seeks confirmation.
    8. Phase 6: Extended Language - selects and sustains language and style appropriate to purpose, context and audience (formal / informal); interprets whether message has been understood; summarises main ideas from written or spoken texts using succinct language; can listen and respond to alternative perspectives; describes events, objects and concepts outside immediate experience; uses language to express independent, critical thinking; can orally formulate a hypothesis, criticise, evaluate, plan and influence others; deals with abstract ideas using concrete examples.
3. Language Development:
  1. Pragmatic System (effective & appropriate communication in social context); Phonological System (perception and production of sounds, learning which sounds are important); Syntactic System (syntax = relationship of words/sounds to create grammatical sentences)
    1. Oral Skills
      1. Timing
      2. Vocal quality
      3. Pitch
      4. Volume
      5. Breath control
      6. Speed
      7. Tone
      8. Range
      9. Strength
      10. Steadiness
      11. Questioning
    2. Aural Skills
      1. Awareness of Differences between Indivduals
        Accronyms and Abbreviations
        Dialect / Accent
        EAL
        Cultural differences (different phonemes)
        Idiolect / Slang
      2. Active listening (confirm comprehension)
    3. Social Skills
      1. Turn Taking
      2. Initiating new topics and conversations
      3. Sustaining a dialogue
      4. Repairing faulty communication
Anatomy / Biology
1. Senses (Our Response to Stimuli)
  1. Smell
    1. To attract: perfume, food, etc.
    2. To warn: gas, burning, decay
    3. Brain region = olfactory tubercle
  2. Touch
    1. Affection
    2. Punishment / Pain
    3. Mouth & hands most sensitive for eating and feeling.
  3. Sight
    1. Sophisticated Retina
      1. Responds to changes in light (electromagnetic waves) by changing electrical signal transmitted.
        Electrical impulses travel down optic nerve to thalamus then on to visual cortex
      2. A "net" of light sensitive cells (rods and cones)
      3. Human eyes can only detect small section of visible light on electromagnetic spectrum
    2. Movable eyes
    3. Lens to focus (accommodation)
  4. Brain and nervous system interact
    1. Local nerves at point of contact - peripheral nervous system (PNS)
      1. Impulses cross gap between neurones via chemical transmitter
    2. Signals along spinal chord to brain - central nervous system (CNS)
      1. Somatosensory Cortex
  5. For all senses there is also the enigma of the nature of the first-person subjective conscious element. Our perceptions are distorted by memories, hopes, prejudices, etc.
  6. Hearing
    1. Sound made when object vibrates
      1. Soundwaves - high and low pressure - transmit sound through air
        Particles next to eardrum vibrate - causing it to vibrate in turn.
        Vibrations amplified by Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil) and Stapes (stirrup)
        Nerve cells in cochlea respond to pitch and pass signals along auditory nerve to brain
    2. Sounds will only be heard within frequencies humans can hear
      1. Pitch (high or low) - frequency of wave (more or less waves) = longer / shorter wavelength
      2. Humans hear 20 - 20,000 Hertz (vibration/second)
      3. Many animals have wider hearing ranges: whales (subsonic) and dogs (ultrasonic) and ear shape is adapted to lifestyle
  7. Endocrine glands controlled by hypothalamus produce hormones in response to stimuli
2. Movement
  1. Dancing (Tribal, etc.)
  2. Mouth claims large allocation of neurons for speaking in motor cortex
  3. Body language (+ve and -ve)
  4. Movement of mouth aids lip reading
3. Memory
  1. Implicit Memory
    1. "Auto - Pilot" e.g. driving, high frequency words
  2. Explicit Memory
    1. Effort e.g. unfamiliar words, anniversaries...
  3. Brain region: hippocampus & medial thalamus
Technology
1. Telephones
  1. Landlines
  2. Mobile phones
    1. Smart Apps
    2. SMS / MMS
  3. Fax
2. Computers
  1. Email
  2. Social networks
  3. IM
3. AAC
Written
1. Letters, telegrams, etc
2. Reading, phonics, understanding inferential meaning in reading,
3. Symbols and codes, secret messages, encryption, etc.
4. Braille
5. Different languages / cultures
  1. Books back to front or front to back
  2. Different alphabet, graphemes
6. Books and ereaders
  1. Fact
  2. Fiction
7. Historical forms: cave paintings, hieroglyphics...
8. Typed Messages
Advertising
1. For safety
  1. Lighthouses
  2. Flares
  3. Warning signs / lights and symbols
2. For consumers
  1. TV
  2. Radio
  3. Posters / leaflets

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How do we communicate?

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	Created by vcsheldon almost 11 years ago