EVOLUTION: change over time that can be passed down.

EVOLUTION: change over time that can be passed down.

1. Ice Age Movie References

   • migration
   • Extinction
   • Competition
   • ice age
   • Early humans
   • Survival of the Fittest
   • Evolution
   • Extinct species
   • Global warming
   • Pangea

2. Evidence of Evolution

   • Biogeography: the study of geographical distribution of plants and animals.
   • Populations: a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
   • Fossils: evidence of past life.
   • Evolutionary Tree: diagram showing the evolutionary interrelations of a group of organisms derived from a common ancestral form.
   • Homology: the state of having the same or similar relation, relative position, or structure.
   • Gene pool: combined alleles of all the individuals in a population.
   • Convergent Evolution: when species become more alike over time.
   • Divergent Evolution: species become different over time.
   • Coevolution: species evolve in response to each other.

3. Evolutionary Terms

   • Microevolution: evolutionary change within a small group of species over a short span of time.
   • Speciation: formation of new species.
   • Extinction: loss of species that was not able to adapt.
   • Genetic Variation: differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA fragments.
   • Geographic Variation: differences between the gene pools of geographically separate populations or population subgroups.
   • Macroevolution: broad pattern of evolution above the species level.
   • Biological species concept: definition of species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups.
   • Prezygotic Barrier: reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if interspecific mating is attempted.
   • Postzygotic Barrier: reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by two different species from developing into, viable, fertile adults.
   • Allopatric Speciation: the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
   • Sympatric Speciation: the formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.

4. Mode of Evoluton

   • Genetic Drift: chance events cause change in the allele frequencies from one generation to the next.
   • Bottleneck Effect: drastic reduction in population alters the genetic variation.
   • Founder Effect: caused when a smaller group not reflective of the general population starts a new population.
   • Gene Flow: genetic additions or subtractions created by movement of fertile individuals.
   • Intrasexual Selection: competition among individuals of one sex for individuals of another sex.
   • Intersexual Selection: females are highly selective in their choice for male partner.
   • Habitat Isolation: two species live in the same general area but live and breed in separate spots within that area.
   • Temporal Isolation: species breed at different times so gametes don't mix.
   • Behavioral Isolation: Mating dependent on courtship rituals specific to species.
   • Mechanical Isolation: morphological differences prevent reproduction..
   • Gametic Isolation: sperm of one species cannot fertilize the egg of another.
   • Reduced Hybrid Viability: sperm and egg are fertilized but offspring fails to fully develop.
   • Hybrid Breakdown: second generation is not able to reproduce.
   • Reduced Hybrid Fertility: offspring develops but cannot reproduce.
   • Punctuated Equlibrium: long periods of equlilibrium followed by bursts of fast change.
   • Geographic Isolation: isolation by a physical barrier.
   • Sexual selection: certain traits increase mating success.
   • Natural selection: survival of the fittest.
   • Directional Selection: results in a bell shaped curve.
   • Disruptive Selection: favors variants at both ends of the distribution.
   • Stabilizing Selection: removes extreme variants from the population and preserves intermediate types.
   • Balancing selection: occurs when natural selection maintains two or more forms in a population.
   • Hardy Weinberg equilibrium: population stay the same with no evolution if all five conditions are met.
   • Reproductive Isolation: when members no longer mate successfully.
   • Mutation: any change in DNA that leads to a change in allele frequency.

5. History of Evolution

   • Darwin: natural selection
   • Linnaeus: founder of taxonomy
   • Hutton: gradualism
   • Lamarck: use&disuse and the inheritance of acquired characteristics
   • Cuvier: paleontology
   • Lyell: uniformitarianism
   • Aristotle: viewed species as unchanging, or fixed.
   • Malthus: human suffering is the consequence of human's population's potential to increase faster than resources.
   • Mendel: hypothesis of inheritance: parents pass on genes that retain their identities to offspring.
   • Wallace: developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin and admired him.