Ancient Greece

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Crete and Thera

- Civilation on Crete- Minon because of King Minous

-Thera may be the birth place of Atlantis

According to legend, the King and his wife gave birth to a half human and half bull creature, a Minotaur

Bettany Hughes- The Minotaur's Island (Movie)

*Story of the Labrinth (Thesis)

Told by mouth or centuries before it was written down

Where did the story come from?

1500 years before Homer and before the Parthenon were built

Pre-historic civilization, then vanished

Crete was the realm of King Minous

Prayed to the god of the sea for a son

Posiden granted his wish

Posiden was angered by the King

Therefore the birth of the MInotaur was born

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1871- a man tested the legend

Believed the stories of Homer to be fact and not fiction

Treasure he found lead him to think their was civilization before known of his time

A British man, Arthur Evans comes to Crete to dig and find truth in the legend

Evans began to excavate the land and found the labrinth of the legend

A month into the dig, they found a sculpted bull that was life size, and life like enough to scare the man who found it, afraid he had disturbed a devil or a demon

Evan found an elaborately carved throne

The discovery led to the realization that King Minous had once lived

Hinged doors, flushing toliets and plumbing systems were found

A very creative people in their art and culture

Knossos- where the palace was found

Other palaces where found similar to that at Knossos

Seems to be more of a republic because no important huge statues are there, like in Egypt

Women seem more important than men

Minons relied on their farm lands for survival

Palaces may have been used for festivals and banquets for honoring the gods

Boyd- an American digger for the excavation, found ruins of a market town, Gonliar

By the end of 1920s had been rediscovered, and had been given a name

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The Minons were free from outside influences

New evidence shows a different story of the Minotaur

Evans had found clay tablets with markings (language?)

He died before he could find out the language

Once the code was broken, they discovered that the language was not Minon, but arachic Greek of the Micinions (the soldiers from the mainland) So perhaps their collaspe was not civil war, but possibly having been conquered

What was the story of the Minons under Greek mainland rule?

The tablets were a sort of filing systems

Some record religious traditions (worship)

Evidence of human sacrifice was found among ruins that had collapsed during Island wide earthquakes

Once of the bodies, wore a silver and bronze (iron) ring-- which was prized in the bronze age (high priest possibly, conducting the sacrifice)

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Murex- sea snail that eats flesh

Minons had to travel to get Bronze (the most successful tool in that age)

There is little to no historic record of their civilization

In Egypt- there were records of the MInons

Should be thought of as an extention of modern day Middle East

Purple (the color) meant wealth- the color of emperial blood

The Murex made the dye for the color purple

Artist, and crafters traveled all over the Meditterrean

Palaces resembled the labyrinth

Crete was not the first to have a labyrinth (could have stolen the idea from Egypt)

MInons made wine

The snake goddess- statue of glammor and power

Mother goddess was worshiped, authority over everything that mattered

Likely, there was a group of nature goddess that had their own responsibilities

And the Minons would have tried to have good relationships with the goddesses

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around 1450AD, everything went up in flames except the high palace

the stone floors turned to glass

the fires were not an accident

The island of Thera is linked to the downfall of the MInon civilization

Thera followed the island of crete and its people

The island of Thera holds a volcano

The eruption of the volcano destroyed a 1/3 of the island

The Minons watched the destruction heir neighbor island

Then a Tsunami came and crashed into Crete

Ash clouds came and sufficated the fields and animals

Bones have been discovered, that indicate cannalbilism (either as sacrifice or because they were starving)

The statue of a boy god carved out of hippopotamus ivory, his genitals have been removed

- expresses a break away cult in which a man god was seen as superior

Therefore, demeaning the role of women in this time

Massive tribal movements and slave revolt on the mainland started to take place

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Greeks were privy to the Olympics and the Delphi Oricole

Greeks were a maritime people, and traveled around the Greek land

Greek land was made up of colonies

Epirus was the land of origin for Mount Olympus

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Arthur Evans (John) <1851- 1941>

The man credited with unveiling the Minon world

The Legend of King Minos of Crete

* asked the gods for bull

* was suppose to sacrifice it

* but he didn't, so the gods cursed his wife into insanity, and caused her to have sexual relations with the bull

* Then she gave birth to a half man/ half bull creature, the Minotaur

* The Minotaur lived in the labyrinth

The myth may have disguised an economic lordship between Crete and Micini

Theseus and the Minotaur

* The hero that legend says defeated the Minotaur

The Minons started bull jumping

* sport and religious ritual

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1900 BC the Minon culture was in the Bronze age

Knosses and Thausus were the two main palaces

The Legend of King MInos (age of Minos)

Minon Religion had places in the palaces as well as Mountain top and cave sanctuary

No sacred text

Island north of Crete is Thera (volcano eruption)--- largest volcanic eruption known to date

Could have wiped out large population to exist (MInons turn to cannabilism)

There is a 6 foot statue on Knosses (only 6 inch original)

Heinrich Schliemann-- (1822-1890) thought the Illaid and the Odyssey was true story

The Illaid is the Greek attempt to take control of Troy

1876- Schliemann found the mask of Agamemnon --- discovered in Mycenean

Ways to reconstruct Greece's Bronze Age:

Mythology

Later Literary sources

Archaeological data

Trojan war (1200 BC) Homer spoke of Mycenean as rich with gold, but it was not that

Evans saw Crete as the origin place

But others believe that the Myceneans were a different people

Linear B (Greek language)

Linear A is the language that Evans discovered

If a story entertained, the Greeks didn't see the point in sticking to the facts

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Greek became the go to language (lingafranca)

Barbarian (term for people that did not know Greek)

When Jesus was crucified, there was 3 languages that held his charges

1. Greek (Most known tongue)

2. Latin (Roman)

3. Hebrew (Jewish)

Greek gods reflect Greek culture

God made man in his image

The Greeks created the gods in man's image

- jealousy

- lustful

- angry

Man's nature is not in sync with holiness

The gods played chess with the humans

Hesiod (author) Theogony (Theology 101 for Greeks)

The Greeks didn't have a Bible... they had a collection of myths

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Out of Chaos came Gaia (Mother Earth) and Ouranas (Father Sky)

Their children are called the Titans

The Titans couldn't be killed, but they can be banished

One of the Titans was Cronos (where we get chronology... time)- he was worried that his children would replace him, so he ate his kids

His wife grew tired of him eating their children, so the next time she had a baby, she didn't let him eat the baby

- Who grew to be Zeus, as he grew, he made his father throw up his siblings. They were so grateful that they made him the King.

This began the start of the Olympian god reign.

Paul says that "The Unknown God" is the real God... he superceeds the chaos. He is eternal.

Demi-god or Hero was a term for the children of the gods

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After the Trojan war there is a large gap in what we know about the Greeks... called the Long Twilight

* Thera and the theory of volcanic destruction

- Thera could have been the origin birthplace of Atlantis

- Today known as Santorini

* the end of the Bronze age on the mainland

* Eastern Mediterranean Transitions

MIDTERM (5 periods of History)

Bronze Age (3000 BC - 1100 BC)

Geometric Age (900 BC - 700 BC)

Archaic Age (700 BC - 480 BC)

Classical Age (480 BC - 323 BC)

Hellenistic Age (323 BC - 31 BC)

Hellas - name that the Greeks called Greece

THE AGE OF HEROES

1. The Epics (began to be written down)

2. The Oikoi (began to coalesce)-- extended family-- began to form the city states (polis)

Seven Greats from our Greek heritage

1. Odysseus

2. Menelaus

3. Paris

4. Diomedes

5. Nestor

6. Achilles

7. Agamemnon

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enter notes from Jessica, first Duffield class

Page 13

The Spartan Golden Age

Key Development #6

* Military Developments (~ 700 BC)

Key Features:

-Hoplite Warfare; emphasis on heavily armored soldiers. Starts with the helmet. Usually started out as wood, and then coated in Bronze. The Shield is the most important, the strap made of leather to help the soldier hold onto it.

-The Phalanx; tactical 8x8 formation of soldiers

-Pheidon of Argos; credited with this method of fighting (Hoplite Warfare); General of Argos

-The importance of training; only as good as The Phalanx's weakest link; Because of this, it demanded discipline; which brings about the idea of the man who is specifically trained for combat and battle

-Lower Casualties; often ended in a stalemate

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Introduction to Sparta

Originated in Laconia out of 4 or 5 villages. Continue to struggle with population.

* Rapid growth

* A Note on Sources; Spartans are not good at writing things down. We rely a lot on secondary outside sources.

- Spartan Xenophobia- reject the foreigners; fundamentally see them as different and inferior

- Outsiders, speculation, exaggeration; Contemporary Greeks sometimes wrote fantastical ideals and stories of the Spartan era because not a lot was known about their society

Turning Point(s)

1. The Messenian Wars (730- 710)

-From Messenians to Helots

- The Spartans defeated them and enslaved them

- required to give 50% of their food to Sparta

- this is their number 1 concern this maintains their way of life

2. Defeat by Argos (669BC)

- The Second Messenian War (669BC); this is when the Helots tried to break free from their enslavement; but failed

- This is probably where the Spartans began to adopt Hoplite Warfare

Consequences:

1. Territorial Expansion

2. Constant fear of Helot Rebellion

3. The birth of the Spartan Military State and adoption of Hoplite Warfare; adopted after their encounter with Argos; seen as a means in keeping control of the Helots

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Onward to Golden Age:

Spartan Social Classes:

- The Spartiates- pure Spartan citizens; only ones that will eventually make up the Military State

- Periokoi- means the people around us; responsible for the economic side of life

- Helots- means those captive; they were publicly owned by the Spartan State

The life of a Helot

- The Conquered

- 50% production

- Not slavery, but servitude

- a life of constant fear

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The Spartiates (Spartan citizens)

* Spartan infanticide?

- From the moment a Spartan entered the world, they were taken away from their parents and checked by a council of elders for sickness, disabilities, put in a wine bath. If they were considered good, they would go back to their parents for the next 7 years. If they were deemed "undesirable" then the child was killed. (this is legend, and we are unsure if it is truth)

* The Age of 7- the Training Begins

- Phases of Training (7-12); (13-18)

1st phase

2nd phase; encouraged to steal their food, taken out into the wilderness

* Methods and Purpose of Training

* Centrality of Homosexuality (13-18); at 13 they were given to an older soldier as a mentor, homosexuality was almost always a part of this relationship

* Age 20- becoming "Homoioi" (The Similars)

* The "Hippeis" (300 Champions); the best of the best; they were the body guards of the King

* Political Activity

* Marriage and Family; they were not allowed to live with their spouse though. Marriage existed for procreation

* Joining the "Mess"; small eating groups of about 15 men

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* Age 30- full citizenship; allowed to live with your spouse

* Chief Responsibilities; keep up your training, eat with your mess, and raise your family

- Loss of citizenship and the "Inferiors", people who did not pass the training; seen as very shameful, and never become a Spartan citizen

* Retirement? (60 y/o)

Spartiate Women

* The Age of 7- training begins

* Citizenship (18-20 y/o); receive full citizenship before males

* The function of marriage; seen as a means to creating more Spartan boys to become soldiers

* Lovelessness, Adultery, and a very Spartan Marriage Ceremony

Spartan Government

* The Great Rhetra (Covenant); says that all Spartan citizens had a voice (except women)

- The Assemblies; where all the talks of news happen

- The Council; 26 elected elders (1 year terms); and 2 Spartan Kings

- The Monarchy

* The Special Place of Spartan Kings

Spartan Dominance

* Military domination of the Peloponnese (560 BC)

* Conquest by Alliance- The Peloponnesian League (550); Sparta was the largest city-state. Then many city- states band together to create the Peloponnesian League. They promised protection from outside forces if these other city- states would join the League.

- Protection in exchange for troops

* The holdouts?

* The Spartan Golden Age

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Athens

From Crisis to Revolution

The Athenian Oligarchy; common form of government in this time

* A long period of Oligarchy (est. 7 century BC)

* The Archons; board of 9 leaders; the elite of the elite; selected governors of the land; they passed the laws in Athens

- The Eponyous Archon; head of the council; they implemented the laws

- Not that kind of King; an Archon called King, but was only responsible for religious way of life, rights and customs were abided by.

- The Polemarch and his board; chief military leader; commander in chief; in charge of 4 advisers (joint chiefs) to support him

- The leftovers; known as the regulators; mostly likely served as advisers and implementors of laws.

* The Mysterious Athenian Assembly

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Draconian Law

* Draco (622 BC); not a tyrant. Before him, Athenian law had been passed down orally. Draco wrote the laws down, and sets them in stone so to speak, and adds to them. His reign was known to be harsh in his law code.

* The lawgiver; he altered the Athenian court system. They were allowed to decide your guilt or your innocence, but not allowed to give out punishment. Instead that task was given to the offended (the person who has been wronged)

- "not in ink, but in blood"

* The role of the court, and the role of the offended; Justice is in the eye of the beholder

* The university of Draco's law code; his code became the law of the land. All tribal groups fell under this single law code

Athens in Crisis

Socioeconomic disparity in Athens (6th century)- income gaps

* The gap between rich and poor; huge gaps that set prosperity out of reach for the poor.

* The wealthy's stranglehold on natural resources; the wealthy began to enclose (fence off) their land, which cut off the poor's access to natural resources like water. Causing the poor to have to go to the wealthy and ask to rent their land to gain access to the land and water to survive (sharecropping)

* Athenian Sharecropping

* Slavery and the risk of default; they started to owe more money to the land owners than they could pay. The penalty for debt, was slavery. (debt slavery)

* The verge of rebellion (594 BC)

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The Rise of Solon

* Solon as Archon (594/3 BC); given emergency powers

- A note on Athenian dates; their new year was in July. Political calendar revolved around that.

Solon's solution-"disburdening"

1. Dis-enclosure; he put an end to closing people off

2. Limits to land ownership

3. New land for purchase; redistributed land and made it more available for the poor

4. Cancelled debts; everyone had a clean slate

5. Elimination of debt- slavery; this does not abolish slavery all together

* Solon's Constitution- The four social classes

1. Pentaskosiomedim (500 measure men); measure by the amount of barley you had; you could serve in the highest political offices

2. Hippels (Knights)

3. Zeugital (teamsters)

4. Thetes (the poor); 80% of the population; couldn't hold political office, but could serve as jury in the court system and other smaller political administrative duties

* The Political Breakdown; only the top 3 classes of people could be Hoplites (soldiers)

* The Boule- A council of 400; we don't know much about how this operated. Likely 4 tribes sent representatives equally 400 to preticipate in the council

* From preeminence of birth to the centrality of production and wealth

* Not a Democracy yet!

* Solon was not a tyrant (technically); to keep Athens from falling

* Solon's self- imposed exile for 10 years; he fixed everything and walked away

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Back into the Abyss

Struggles After Solon:

1. Corruption and Power Grabs; some Archon tried to stay pass their term limits

2. Anarchia- (anarchy)

3. Tyranny- The Rise of Pesistratus

The Reign of Peisistratus

* Who was Peisistratus?

* Tyrant (546 BC); tried 3 times to control Athens. After his 3rd time, he was exiled. Invested in Silver Mines while in exile and became very wealthy

The Reforms of Peisistratus:

1. Land Reform

2. Taxes; 5% tax on everyone; brings in money to the state. then he uses that to buy land and redistribute land to the poor.

3. Public Works Projects; tax money is also used to build parks and temples; while putting the working class to work

4. Athenians Citizenship and the metics; people who were not slaves but did not have citizenship and he gives them citizenship

5. Coinage; standardizes the coin and the value; highest value Greek coinage

6. Trade; extended it to new alliance; olive oil trade was especially expanded

The Peisistratid Dynasty and After

* The Pesistrarid Dynasty (546-514 BC)

* Confusion regarding succession; he had 2 sons. Some accounts say they both ruled. Some accounts say one ruled over the other. But it did not last long

* Collapse of the Dynasty (514 BC) Why?

1. Hard times

2. The Emergence of Persia

3. Assassination; one of his sons was assassinated. both had suffered assassination attempts

* Athenian Civil War (514- 510); back in crisis

Civil War

* Cleisthenes vs. the Conservatives (the old Athenian Elites)

* The intervention (and defeat) of Sparta; the conservatives reached out to Sparta and asked for help against the following that Cleisthenes as gathered. Sparta agreed, but got stuck in battle, and had to surrender and leave

* Cleisthenes seizes power (510 BC); the father of democracy

* Demokratia!- The power of the people or power to the people

Demokratia

Key Features of Athenian Democracy:

1. Boule (Council of 500); propose new laws and regulations

- 10 tribes; 50 representatives

- one year terms

- selected by lot

- the meaning of Athenian Citizenship; you had to be male and you had to be 30 years of age; removed all prior classifications of citizenship

- the likelihood of participation

2. The Deme

- Forging a "national identity"; divided into 10 core tribes

3. The Ekklesia (Assembly); consisted of all Athenian citizens; met once a month, and debate over the laws created by the Boule, then vote. Either pass or deny news laws. Usually only consisted 6,000 people because not everyone could make the trip in order to be present for the debate.

- "direct democracy"; not representative.

- Chief Functions

4. Ostracism; once a year held a vote to kick one person out of Athens for atleast 10 years; to protect the land from a tyrant

- Special Ostracisms; done with secret ballad

The Athenian Military

* The Board of Athenian Generals; assisted the Boule and the Assembly; provided advice on military matters; they were elected from the Deme's; therefore there were 10; one from each deme.

* The Strategos; what the Generals were called. Elected directed from the tribe. And no term limits

* Fewer Restrictions

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Persia and the Persian Wars

The Persian Empire

* Time and Space (to 550BC)

* Cyrus II (Cyrus the Great) and Freedom from the Medes (550BC); Cyrus led a group of men against the Medes for the Persian people; this allows Persia to become one of the largest Empires in the world at the time.

-Isaiah 45:1-3

* 9 years of Conquest; brought essentially the Modern Middle East as it is today, except Saudia Arabia and Egypt under his control; 40 million people

* Consolidation of Territory; how do we govern this massive Empire?

1. Local Autonomy; Cyrus does not make them fall to one religion nor does he impose a local language. He only wanted taxes and said that you had to promise not to rebel

2. Infrastructure; he built roads in order to transport goods from one area to another

3. A Postal System: "Neither rain, nor snow, nor sleet, nor hail stays these couriers from the swift completing of there appointed rounds"

* The death of Cyrus (530BC) and his successor, Cambyses; his son. Ruled for 8 years and conquered Egypt

* The ascension of Darius I (522- 486BC)

- Of Satraps (provinces) Satrapies (governors); divided the empire up into provinces and then sends out governors into the provinces to uphold the laws of the Emperor.

* Darius' continued Conquest and the growth of the Persian Empire; the Persians are getting to close to the Greeks

* The Greeks and the "Barbarians"; Darius didn't think much of the Greeks. The Greeks called the Persians Barbarians, viewed them as tyrants

* The Persian Threat

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The First Historian

* Herodotus of Halicarnasss (484- 425BC); chief source of the Persian Wars. Book titled "The Histories; well traveled; earliest investigation of the past; left out divine narration in his investigation

* Herodotus' Methods; wrote an oral history through interviews with people that were there and lived through the Persian Wars

* Herodotus the Ethnographer

* Problems with Herodotus

1. Elements of fantasy; i.e. cattle with such large horns that they had to walk backwards and winged snakes in Egypt

2. Flawed Understanding of the Natural World; flooding of the Nile was caused by large winds out of Africa that blew the river off course

3. Reliance on Second- hand accounts; takes a lot at face value

* Herodotus and Critical History; trying to put all the pieces together. "My business is to record what people say, but i am by no means bound to believe it- and that may be taken to apply to this book as a whole."

Causes of the Persian Wars

1. Athenian Betrayal (507BC)

* Athenian Fear of Sparta; Sparta had a history of intervening in Athens

* The independence agreement of Athenian Diplomats (507); group of Athenians decided on their own to reach out to Persia to protect them from Sparta. Persia said okay, but you much submit

* "Earth and Water"; symbolic tribute of absolute submission to Persia.

* Athenian Rejection; Athens said no. Persia is now offended. Mistake number 1 for Athens

2. The Ionian Rebellion (499BC) (Eastern Anatolia)

* Persian Conquest of Ionia; Ionia was primarily Greek

* Demands for "Greek Freedom"; sense of Greek identity wanted their independence

* Aristagoras and the Spartans; Aristagoras gathered a group who wanted to fight for freedom. They needed military advise, so they went to the Spartans. Spartans said no, we want no part of helping fight your battle.

* Aristagoras and the Athenians; so they turned to the Athenians. And Athenians said they would help slightly. Sent him with 20 ships with crews and some man power.

* The Battle of Miletus (494BC); Ionia was defeated by Persia. This crushed the rebellion.

* The destruction of Didyma; city state that was destroyed because of its participation in the rebellion. No one lived here for the next 160 years

* The Burning of Sardis; In the midst of the rebellion, the Ionians managed to burn this western capitol of the Persian Empire.

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Onward to War

* Darius prepares for war (494BC); he had 30,000 soldiers or more, takes him two years to feel ready, and building up food stores, ships constructed, etc.

* A final chance for peace (492BC); he decided to give the Greeks 1 last chance to surrender. Showed up in both Athens and Sparta and demanded they bow down to the Persian Emperor. This was not received well. The Persian officials were killed on site.

* The Persian Invasion (492BC); started in a city north of Athens. The male population was enslaved and inscripted into the Persian army.

* From Eritrea to Marathon

* Pheidippides' Long Run; The people ask Pheidippides to run from Athens to Sparta, (150 miles) in 2 days. And tell the Spartan King that the Persians are coming, and Athens needed help.

* Sparta's Festival of Apollo; The Festival of Apollo was happening. According to legend, they could not go to war during the festival, and not until the next full moon. So Sparta could not help

Marathon and After

* The Athenian Forces at Marathon;

* Delay (August 7-11, 490); They are outnumbered by more than double

* Persia's Deceptions; Greek Espionage; The used this as an opportunity. Leaves the bulk of his forces in Marathon and start the war, while a smaller group went back around and took over Athens while it was left undefended (because Athenians had all gone to Marathon to fight) But luckily, the Greeks had spies in the Persian army. But it doesn't help them much. The Greeks decide that the only plan is to win a quick victory at Marathon, and then quickly get back to Athens to defend it.

* The Battle of Marathon (Aug. 11); The Greeks won, their tactics worked to their advantage

* Toll; Persians lost 6, 400 soldiers; Greeks lost 192 soldiers

* Saving Athens; Ran 26 miles to Athens, and saved the city. (where we get the mileage for a marathon) Known as the Marathon men (the ones who won the battles)

* Meanwhile, in Sparta; eventually Sparta shows up, but see the battle is won and they go back home

* Consequences; Darius is embarrassed, he goes home, and starts planning

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Another Attack

The Origins of the Athenian Navy:

* The discovery of silver (484-483BC); pulled 2 and a half tons of silver in Athens. Began making their coins in silver

* The Athenian Debate: Aristides vs. Themosticles; what do we do with all this silver? 2 sides are created. Aristides said we should take it and divide it up among everyone. Themosticles says, no! we need to invest it in the military. Ultimately, Themosticles won the debate, and Aristides was ostracized.

*The Athenian Triremes; man powered ships. 3 decks. Sails (square) not very effective. Mostly powered by the rowers. Made to break apart but not sink.

* Fighting Method and size of the fleet; each ship has 170 men to operate. Use to bronze nose of the ship to ram into other ships. Then flee their ship, and jump aboard the other ship and engage in hand to hand combat

After Marathon

The Persians:

* The death of Darius (486BC)

* Xerxes' Preparations for war- myth vs. reality

- myth (1.7 million Persian infantry)

- reality (170,000 soldiers, close to 250,000 in total)

- 800 war ships

The Greeks:

* Preparations in Athens -ships and the Port of Piraeus

* The Hellenic League; 31 Greek city states agreed on an alliance to protect Greece. Signed in Corinth. Heads were Sparta and Athens

* Consulting the Delphic oracle; oracles are seers and prophets. The Greeks thought that Delphi was the center of the world. The Delphic oracle was the most well known and used.

* Dire Prophecy and its explanations; Oracle said the Greeks would lose. Persia would win,and destroy the Greeks. Told the Athenians to leave Athens and flee to the end of the earth.

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The Hot Gates:

* Greek Strongholds- Thermopylae (land) and Artemisium (sea); where the Greeks tried to stop the Persians

* King Leonidas and the 300 (7,000); King of Sparta and head leader of the Hellenic League. When they got to Thermopylae, he sent half of his force back home. He might have thought they didn't have a chance, and buy Greece as much time as possible. Probably had close to 3,000 soldiers.

* The Athenian Fleet at Artemisium; leading the defense on sea

* Why Thermopylae? Geography is the key answer. Mountainous and rough terrain to march though. There was a narrow pass between the sea and the cliffs. He tried to create a bottleneck

* The Battle (August 16-18, 481 BC); 3 day battle. The Persian army was mowed down by the Greeks

* Xerxes' Immortals; sent the elite soldiers in on the 2nd day. 10,000 of the Immortals, when one is killed, they are replaced. So they seem immortal, as the the number never changes.

* The Betrayal of Ephiates; committed treason. Went to Xerxes and told them the biggest secret of the Greeks. The secret was of the mountain pass that allowed the Persian army to sneak past the bottleneck and surround the Greeks on both sides. This changed the tide of the war, and allowed for a Persian victory.

Assault on Athens

* The legacy of the 300

- "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here, obeying their commands, we lie."

*The Battle of Artemisium (August 16-18, 481BC); held out for the same 3 days as the battle of Thermpolae

* Back to Delphi: "The Wooden Wall only shall not fall"; the Athenians responded with, "what wooden wall?"

* Which Wooden Wall?; Theistocles Thought that it was in reference to their ships. They needed to make their stand on the high seas

* The Evacuation of Athens

* Salamis; where most of Athenians were evacuated

Turning Points:

* The Destruction of Athens; The Persians stormed Athens and burned it to the ground

* What next?

* The Battle of Salamis (September 480BC)

- Themistocles' Deception; wrote a letter and gave it to his kid's tutor and requested he deliver the message to Xerxes. "We are beaten. Xerxes, you have won. The Greeks are done fighting. We are stuck this island. Spare me, and I will help you. You should attack before the Athenian fleet leaves and strike at the right time." Says we are gonna fight our last battle at Salamis. Tried to lure Xerxes.

- Xerxes' Hubris or rational tactics; hubris (over confidence) is Xerxes downfall. He wants to win before winter.

- The Athenian Strategy; use the narrow causeways of the island to their advantage. Lure the Persians into the inlets

- Toll and Outcome; Persian lost 200 ships in a single day. The Greeks lost no more than 40 ships.

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Review:

* The Ionian Rebellion (499 BC) and the Persian Invasion (492 BC)

* The Battle of Marathon (August 490 BC)

* Xerxes Prepares for war (486 BC)

* Themistocles and the Athenian Navy (484 BC)

* Consulting the Oracles... really bad news for the Greeks

* The Battles of Thermopylae and the Artemisium (481 BC); the Greeks were ultimately defeated

* Persia on the march to Athens

Turning Points (continued):

* The Departure of Xerxes

* The War continues (479-478 BC)

* Maradonis and the Persian Offensive; Xerxes commander left in charge

- Athens destroyed... Again!

* The battle of Plataea (August 479 BC)

- King Pausinias of Sparta; commanded up to 60,000 soldiers; the Greeks won. Maradonis was killed

- The Serpent Column at Delphi and the Dedication of Plataea; 31 coils on the snake representative of the 31 Greek city states that were part of the Hellenic League.

Significance:

1. The 'final' Defeat of Persia

2. Greek Cooperation

* "We Greeks are one in blood and one in language, and we have temples to the gods and religious rites in common, a common way of life." (Herodotus)

* Continued cooperation- assaults on Byzantium and Ionia; Greeks liberated these Greeks city states that had been run over by the Persians.

3. Athenian and Spartan Hegemony

4. The Rise of Athens

* The Fall of King Pausinias; Started worshiping Persian gods, and adopted Persian dress. Had possibly taken brides and corrupt deeds. Sparta recalls him back home.

5. A New Era of Greek History

* The Classical Era (479- 323 BC)

Themistocles

* The fate of Themistocles and the Triumph of Athenian Democracy?

* Ostracism (476 BC)

* Themistocles in PERSIA; offered job as a governor in Persian

* Athenian Reactions and the demise of Themistocles; put on trial and sentenced to death, but was never carried out as he died in Persia.

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Cracks in the Alliance:

Key Problems among Athens and Sparta

1. The Wall Controversy; Sparta says don't rebuild your walls, if Persia attacks, we will protect you.

2. The Delian League (477 BC); 150 Greek city states showed up to form a new League (like the Hellenic League)

* Participants; larger. From 31 to 150. Sparta did not join.

* League Contributions; each state would contribute something. Soldiers, money, timber, food, etc.

* What about Sparta?

* The centrality of Athens; all of the goods and resources from the Delian League are flowing into Athens, rising its power. Athens heads the Delian League. Athens became the control of all other Greek city states.

3. Aggressiveness of the Delian League; go on the offensive to Persia

* The Battle of Aspendus (466 BC); Athenians found out that Persia was planning a 3rd attack to Greek. Athens went on the offensive and attacked the Persians and defeated them.

An Athenian Empire

Athens and the Delian League

1. Mandatory Participation

* Naxos (460s BC); they wanted out of the League. Athens says no, and puts down the rebellion, and were sill required to help the league

* Thasos (465 BC); same as Naxos, only Athenians went further and made them pay payments for the battle.

* Brutal Suppression

2. The Growth of the League

The Spartan Response:

* Sparta's Reservations and Chief Concerns

* Sparta and the rebellion of Thasos (465 BC)

* Earthquake (465 BC); devastated Sparta

* Helot Rebellion and the 3rd Messenian War (464 BC); The Helots (Sparta's slave laborers) rise up in Rebellion.

* Sparta's Appeals (462 BC); so desperate for aid that they made an all call throughout Greece. Athens was the only Greek city state that showed up

* Athenian dismissal; Sparta scared of Athens, sent them away

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30 Years of Peace:

* The Peace of Callias (446 BC); Peace agreement between Sparta and Athens; basically said stay out of each other's way and out of each other's affairs.

Athenian Prosperity in the 30 year of Peace:

1. Population Growth; by 430 BC more than 340,000 people (most populous city state in Greek). 50,000 adult male citizens plus wives and children, 90,000 slaves, 25,000 medics (residents without citizenship) 50 years before was half of that.

2. Flourishing Trade; directly related to the growing population. Growth is so rapid that the land is not capable of sustaining the population growth which caused them to outsource for resources and goods. Becomes a leader in trade.

3. Growing Wealth; by 430 BC had accumulated 9700 Talents... several billion dollars today. Spent more money on its population than any other civilization until the 19th century in Great Britain

4. The Emergence of Pericles (455/54 BC);

* "An able military commander, a committed patriot, a passionate advocate of democracy, and firm to the point of harshness in maintaining Athenian domination of Allies."

Review

* Turning Points of the Persian Wars- Salamis and Plataea

* Greek Fall out: (tensions start to rise between the alliance of Sparta and Athens)

- The wall controversy; Athens rebuilt the wall even though Sparta said they would protect them (the Athenians), but Athens didn't fully trust Sparta

- The Delian League; had to contribute something to the League, therefore all the resources started flowing into Athens

- The Athenian Empire; took the leadership role in the Delian League

- Sparta's Fears; all of these things turning in favor of Athens, the Spartans were fearful of the turning tide and the growth of Athenian power.

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The Spartan Response:

* Sparta's Reservations and Chief Concerns

* Sparta and the Rebellion of Thasos (465 BC)

* Earthquake (465 BC)

* Helot Rebellion and the 3rd Messenian War ( 464 BC)

* Sparta's Appeals (462 BC)

* Athenian dismissal; Sparta did not want help from Athens. Now Athens feels snubbed by Sparta

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The Athenian Fleet

* 134 Triremes

* 130 Supply Boats

* 25,000 Soldiers

Significance:

Key Points

1. Nicias was against the invasion

2. Lamachus is a middle man

3. Alcibiades Flips; he runs to Sparta

The Campaign:

* Setting the scene in Syracuse

* The Athenian Siege Begins; the Athenians try to encircle the city of Syracuse, and block the mouth of the Harbor so no one can come in or go out through the sea

* Syracuse and their counter walls; the city built walls to try and defend their land from the Athenians

*The fate of Nicias; falls sick and is bedridden

*The toll of the Sicilian Campaign; Sparta shows up and then blocks the Athenians in the harbor

- 40,000 Athenians participated

- 36,000 killed (90%)

- 1,000 remained at the time of surrender

- The execution of Nicias

A Snapshot of the effects of this campaign

Athens in 431:

13,000 Hoplites

16,000 Reserves

25,000 Rowers

1,200 Cavalry

VS. Athens in 413:

9,000 Hoplites

11,000 Rowers

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Sparta Strikes:

* Sparta on the Offensive (413)

- Attica and the Fort at Declea

* Sparta in Search of a Navy; building 100 ships and recruit rowers. But they failed. Almost at a stalemate because they can't defeat the Athenian Navy

* Sparta reaches out to Persia; Sparta sent Alcibiades

* The Treaty of Tissaphernes (413) **Turning Point 2**

1. Persia offered Sparta ships to defeat Athens

2. In exchange, Sparta agreed to return territory that Persia had lost.

Athens Falters:

Athens after Tissaphernes

* The Loss of Naval Mastery

* The Collapse of the Delian League; one by one they broke away and turned against Athens

- The Delian League held the Athenian power, as they all leave Athens could not financially support the war effort

* Peisander's Coup

* The Collapse of Athenian Democracy (412 BC)

The Return of Alicibaides:

* Alcibiades in Trouble, Again; He was having an affair with the Sparta's King wife

* Fleeing to Samos;

* Alcibiades' Invasion of Athens; Met up with part of the Athenian army,

* The Restoration of Democracy

* The Cult of Eleusius, Again

* Pardon (411 BC)

The Final Showdown

* Alcibiades Prepares (411-408)

* Sparta and Lysander (Spartan King); He was not a full blooded Spartan citizen. He was born to a family outside of Spartan citizens. But was still able to go through Spartan training. He wants to prove that although he was not born to a Sparta citizen family that that didn't matter.

* The Defeat of Alcibiades (407 BC); When Athens fell, Alcibiades was exiled

* The end of the war (404 BC); Athens was to tear down all the walls in Athens and forbidden to rebuild walls. Athens also had to limit its Navy. No more than 12 ships in its fleet. The Delian League was dissolved. And finally Athens was to join the Peloponnesan League (Spartan ran)

Athens After the War

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Classical Greece and the Socratic Order

* Athenian Defeat (404 BC)

* Turmoil in Athens

- The Return of the Oligarchy and the 30 Tyrants

- Athenian Civil War

* The Re-Institution of Democracy

An Intellectual History of Athens

* Athenian turmoil and the death of Socrates (339 BC); this tells us about the nature and state of Athens following the war

Educational in Athens:

1. Limited Opportunities

* Individuals, not institutions

* The poor reputation of teachers

2. Absence of Standardization; they learned what the teachers wanted to teach or what they specialized in

* Grammar and Math Schools; this was the basic form of education for those that were able to receive a formal education

* Music and the Arts; this type of schooling was limited to the wealthy

* Physical Education; wrestling, boxing, etc; this focused on physical strength and growth; emphasis on military career path

3. The Centrality of Indoctrination; school was used to develop social skills and basic literacy. Emphasis was on indoctrination, with the values of Greek culture. They were taught WHAT to think, not HOW to think

* "Education in Athens, then, was haphazard and pretty basic." -Robert Waterfield

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An Intellectual History of Athens

* Turning Point- The Blossoming of Greek Philosophy

- Philosophos ("The Lovers of Wisdom")

- Pre- Socratic Philosophy (Before 469 BC); everything before Socrates

* The physical world and the human body; wanted to understand the world around them, and medicine and health

* Hippocrates; father of modern medicine

- Post-Socratic Philosophy

* Socrates (469- 399)

* Plato (427- 347); one of Socrates students

* Aristotle (384- 322); The Master, The Philosopher; Teacher and Tutor to Alexander the Great

* The Sophists (Lives):

- Emergence (5th Century); sought to change the view of teachers

- The "wise" teachers; focused on wisdom

- The importance of oration; the value of speaking clearly, and rationally

- Limited to the wealthy

- Sophist 'philosophy'; what is best for the individual

Socrates (469-399 BC)

* Background and limited sources; most information we have today comes from Plato

* A Diverse Career; worked as a stone cutter, a soldier, fought as a Hoplite in the Peloponnesian War at Amphipolis, government official

* As Teacher (440 BC); started spending time with young men in Athens teaching them about life, society , culture, and especially poltics

* The Socratic Method; flipped Greek education upside down. Answering his students questions with questions that lead them toward different ideas, getting them to think for themselves critically

* Opposition to Democracy and support for Oligarchy; it made no sense for people with no education and no knowledge make decisions state

- Socrates and Alcibiades; close friend

- Socrates and the 30 Tyrants; friends with most of the 30 Tyrants. He was one of the only Athenians that got to keep his citizenship

* Socrates and his setting, then...

* Trial and Defense; charged with corrupting the minds of Athenian youth. 1 day trial to make his case and defense; basically tells them that he has been bringing wisdom and light and that if they kill him they will bring about a intellectual dark age to Athens

- ultimately he was found guilty and drank a poison

- "the unexamined life is not worth living"- last thing he left his students with

Socrates' Significance:

1. Better to die than reject reason

2. An inspiration for future philosophers

3. the starting point for Classical Greek Philosophy

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An Intellectual History of Athens

Plato (427- 347 BC); from one of the wealthiest families

* The Allegory the Cave; part of The Republic book

- Prisoners without a reality; humans walk with blinders on, therefore most never see the world for what it is really is.

- Theory of forms; the shadows they can see within the cave becomes reality for the prisoners

- The majority are imprisoned

* Plato's Philosopher; role as a Philosopher is to teach

Plato's Republic: Opposition to Democracy

1. Philosopher- Kings and Guardians; leaders of the Oligarchy; ruling elite with special training; moral, protect

- Female Philosopher Kings

2. A Warrior Class; trained soldiers

3. Everyone Else; bulk of the population

- The School At Athens ("Academy"); special school for men

"The Master"

* Aristotle; wealthy and well connected; not an Athenian citizen; tutor of Alexander the Great

* A student of Plato's Academy; moved to Athens at age 17 or 18, eventually taught there as well

* On Politics; Aristotle wanted to see which Political system was best, he researched and collected evidence to support the theory in which his findings are based.

- An Examination of 158 City States; different governments across Greece; Conclusion= Monarchy, Oligarchy, Democracy (these are the best and the only one that truly work) Democracy was the best

* Aristotle the Scientist

- Core Elements- Earth, Air, Fire, and Water; why elements functioned the way they did. Found the natural order outside of the gods

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Sparta after the War

* Sparta's Traditional Conservatism; always on the defensive; inward focused

* Lysander and Imperialist Sparta; not a full Spartan citizen, was adopted by a Spartan family

- Interference with Allies; more aggressive than Sparta had been before, mirrored Athens during the Delian League

- Offensive Against Persia; Wage war against Persia, takes territory from them ; went back on what they had promised to Persia about returning land

* Alienating Allies and Rejuvenating Old Enemies

The Corinthian War

* The Coalition Against Sparta (395 BC)

- Corinth, Argos, and Thebes; former allies of Sparta

- Athens; revenge against Sparta

* A Bloody Affair and the Irony he Battle of Nemea River; the Greeks have turned on each other now t the site where they had once unified together to defeat Persia. Lysander dies. Sparta won but just barely

* Alterations to Hoplite Warfare; use of mercenaries

- The Peltast; new type of soldier, lightly armoured (only helmet and shield), carries smaller and multiple spears for throwing, bows and arrows

Peace

The King's Peace (387 BC)

1. A common Peace; universal; applied to all Greek city states; no defined term limit; was suppose to last indefinite

2. State Sovereignty; city states could govern themselves; the big states had to stop interfering with other city states

3. Negotiation and Cooperation; work together to talk peacefully about their problems; not just straight to war

4. University and Peace through Force; enforced by Sparta, not an option for anyone

5. Persia's Reward as Broker; King was from Persia; they finally received the territory they had lost to the Greeks

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Introduction to Macedonia

The Twilight of Classical Greece

Review:

* The Height of Classical Greek Philosophy

* Sparta After the Peloponnesian War

- Abandonment of Conservatism

- Heavy- Handed Intervention

- The Corinthian War (395 BC)

- The King's Peace (387 BC)

The Resumption of Warfare

* The failure of the King's Peace

* The Boeotian War (379 BC- 372 BC and its meaning; Sparta was the target. This showed how far the Greeks had fallen since the Peloponnesian Wars

* The Weakness of the Greeks after ~60 years of war

* Athens and Sparta at the center of it all

Introduction to Macedonia

*How the Greeks viewed Macedonia; southern Greeks viewed Macedonia as being on the outside of Greek culture.

- Barbarians or Cousins?

"The Macedonians not only are not Greek, nor are they related to the Greeks, but they are not even barbarians from a land not even worth mentioning..." -Demosthenes

* How the Macedonians viewed themselves; had their own language. A different kind of Greek

- "Manly" Greeks

---fighting, hunting, and drinking

"Above all. he had to be strong and be seen as strong- the best warrior and the best hunter, with the greatest appetite for drink..."

* The Macedonian Monarchy; ruled by an all powerful king.

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The Macedonian "Wild West"

* The Constant Battle for the Throne; almost constantly at civil war with themselves over who would rule as king between the wealthiest families

- Macedonian brutality; for 200 years every King had a violent death

* Abundance of Natural Resources; timber, silver, large population

* Turning Point: The Death of Perdiccas (Macedonian King) and the 4,000 (359 BC); invaded by neighbors in the North.

Philip of Macedon

* Philip's Life to 395 BC; went to war with Thebes, lost the battle, and Philip was captured. Held him hostage because they knew he came from a wealthy family. He learned from the Thebians. Learned Hoplite Warfare. Learned the Phalanx tactics

Military Innovator

* The Macedonian Phalanx; differences from the traditional Greek Phalanx. Spears were much longer, so much longer that it required a counterweight. Philip dropped the heavy armour, making his soldier more mobile

* The Phalanx Calvary; a horse mounted soldier. Heavily armoured.

* The Engineering Corps and the Catapult; invented the catapult

Winning the Allegiance of the Army:

1. Sharing the Risk; he fights with his soldiers

2. Creating Connections with the "Foot Companions"; bonds with his soldiers

3. The Royal Pages; the sons of the nobility. decree stated "all nobles have to send their sons to live with him, the king, as servants. they also receive military training, so that he has the next generation of soldiers. used the pages to keep control over the nobles."

* Future Officers and useful hostages

* Significance; "As a result, Philip possessed what no previous Macedonian king had had: an extensive and loyal base of support for his policies at home and abroad." Loyalty

* Ascension as King (359 BC)

* On the Offensive

* The Siege of Amphipolis (357 BC)

* Philip's Olympic Victory (356 BC); the Chariot Race

* The Warnings of Demosthenes -the Philipcs (351 BC); series of speeches warning Athens and all of Greeks against Philip and the threat he posed. Said that they needed to work together.

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The Rise of Macedonia

* Athens prepares for war (340s BC); rebuilt their walls

* The Greek Coalition

* The Battle of Chaeronea (August 2, 338 BC); Macedonia won

-Casualities

- The role of Alexander; Philip's son. Philip placed him in charge the battle

- Significance

* The League of Corinth; like the Delian League. But also doubled as a pledge of allegiance

To Philip's Downfall

* Philip's Personal Problems; had 6 wives. the 4th was his Queen, Olympias. She was the most favored

* Olympias and Alexander; Olympias had provided Philip with a healthy son

* Philip's 7th Marriage (338 BC); all other wives were not from Macedonia. Marriages were made for alliances. But this wife was Macedonia. Alexander and Olympias spoke out, Alexander actually drew his sword on his father

* Alexander and Olympias in (brief) exile; the 7th wife gave birth to a girl, so Philip brought his only heir back

* Philip's Assassination (337 BC); Pausinias killed him. Possible that Alexander and Olympias had something to do with it.

* Pausinias; had been treated poorly Philip which could have provided him motivation.