CELL BIOLOGY - created from Mind Map

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Introduction to cells

Ultrastructure of cells

Emergent Properties: Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components.

FUNCTIONS OF LIFE: (carried out by all living organisms. In a unicellular organism, all FOL are carried out in the one cell.)

Exceptions to the cell theory:

As a cell grows larger, the SA to volume ratio becomes smaller.

EXAMPLE OF THERAPEUTIC STEM CELL USE: Leukemia A type of cancer where abnormally large numbers of white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

MAGNIFICATION = size of image / size of specimen

BASIC CELL INFORMATION:

Example: Each cell in a tiger has a distinct property, e.g. sensitivity to light. BUT all of the cells combined give additional emergent properties such as: the tigers ability to hunt.

M - Metabolism - The rate at which chemical reactions take place in your cells.

R - Response - Reaction to stimuli.

H- Homeostasis - Constant maintenance of your internal environment.

G - Growth - Increase in size and dry mass.

R - Reproduction - the biological process by which new individual organisms (offspring) are produced.

E - Excretion - Expels waste products of metabolism.

N - Nutrition - The process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues.

Skeletal Muscle, Giant Algae and Aseptate Fungi

The rate at which materials enter or leave the cell depends on the surface area of the cell.

BUT: The rate at which materials are used or produced depends on the volume.

LARGE ORGANISMS are multicellular - this is because a cell that becomes too large is not able to take in essential materials OR excrete waste products quickly enough.

1) Large needle is inserted into a large bone (usually the pelvis, fluid is removed from the bone marrow) 2) Stem cells are extracted from this fluid and stored (frozen). These are adult stem cells that only have the potential to produce blood cells.

3) High dose of chemotherapy drugs are given to the patient to kill all the cancer cells in the bone marrow. The bone marrow loses its ability to produce blood cells. 4) The stem cells are returned to the patient's body. They re-establish themselves in the bone marrow, multiply and start to produce white and red blood cells.

SI SIZE UNITS

1mm = 1000 micrometers

1 micrometer = 1000nm

1 nm = 1000 picometers

Cells are the smallest units of life.

DIFFERENTIATION:

Living organisms are made of cells.

(insert cell diagram(s) here.)

Involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell's genome.

STEM CELLS:

When different groups of cells (tissues) become specialised for different functions .

Once a pathway of development has begun in a cell, the cell cannot change to a different pathway. It is committed.

Cells that have the capacity to divide and differentiate along different pathways.

ETHICS OF SC's:

EMBRYONIC STEM CELL:

STEM CELL: found in bone marrow, skin and liver.

Used for tissue repair and degenerative conditions.

They give SOME human tissues the power to regenerate and repair. BUT they don't have as great a capacity to differentiate (like embryonic stem cells.)

health and quality of life of patients suffering from incurable conditions may be greatly improved.

Depends on the source of stem cells: Newborns can't give consent for their stem cells.

Embryo is a human life - if it dies as a result of the procedure, it is immoral because a life had been ended.

But its coming from the umbilical cord, so parental consent is given

Embryos are more than just a ball of cells.

Embryos lack nervous systems so they dont feel pain or suffering during the procedure.

If embryos are produced deliberately, no individual's chance of living is denied.

ORGANELLES: (part of eukaryotic cell structure)

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

IDENTIFYING ORAGANELLES PIC HERE

Electron microscopes have a higher resolution than light microscopes

ORGANELLES WITH SINGLE MEMBRANE:

ORGANELLES WITH DOUBLE MEMBRANE:

Advantage of compartmentalisation: Enzymes and substrates used in a process can be concentrated in a small area, with pH and other conditions at optimum levels with no other enzymes that might disrupt the process.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Vesicles

Vacuoles

Nucleus

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.

INSERT P CELL PIC HERE