Flashcards
Module 22
Flashcards do conjunto (24)
- 1MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retreival of information.
- 2RecallA measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
- 3RecognitionA measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
- 4RelearningA measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning the material again.
- 5EncodingThe processing of information into the memory system; for example, by extracting memory.
- 6StorageThe process of retaining encoded information over time.
- 7RetrievalThe process of getting information out of memory storage.
- 8Parallel ProcessingThe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions.
- 9Sensory MemoryThe immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
- 10Short-Term MemoryActivated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the 7-digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is either stored or forgotten.
- 11Long-Term MemoryThe relativity permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
- 12Working MemoryA newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
- 13Explicit MemoryMemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare".
- 14Effortful ProcessingEncoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
- 15Automatic ProcessingUnconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
- 16Implicit MemoryRetention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (non-declarative memory)
- 17Iconic MemoryA momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
- 18Echoic MemoryA momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
- 19ChunkingOrganizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
- 20MnemonicsMemory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
- 21Spacing EffectThe tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
- 22Testing EffectEnhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading, information, also referred to as a retrieval practice effect.
- 23Shallow ProcessingEncoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
- 24Deep ProcessingEncoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.