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Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning

p_nyarko Psychology Inglês 41 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (41)

  1. 1Classical Conditioning- When a neutral stimulus elicits a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response.
    - Pavlovian Dog experiment where the bell caused the dog to drool because it was associated with food.
  2. 2Biological Preparedness- Animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects
  3. 3Extinction- The diminishing of a conditioned response
    - When the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
  4. 4Spontaneous Recovery- Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause
  5. 5Discrimination- The learned ability to discriminate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimulus
  6. 6Unconditioned Response (UR)- A response that does not have to be learned
    - For example salivating at the sight or smell of food
  7. 7Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- A stimulus that elicits a response without any prior learning
    - For example food.
  8. 8Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning ha taken place.
    - For example the bell began to symbolize food.
  9. 9Conditioned Response (CR)- A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned.
    - For example drooling at the sound of the bell
  10. 10Operant Conditioning- A learning process in which the consequence of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future.
  11. 11B.F Skinner- Skinner Box
    - Developed the principle of reinforcement
  12. 12Reinforce- Stimulus following a response that increases likelihood that the response will be repeated
  13. 13Shaping- Reinforcement of behaviors increasingly similar to desired behavior.
  14. 14Positive Reinforcement- Using a stimulus to increase probability of a behavior.
    - Reward.
  15. 15Positive Reinforcement- Using a stimulus to increase probability of a behavior.
    - Reward.
  16. 16Negative Reinforcement- Removal of a stimulus to increase probability of a behavior.
    - Not punishment !!!!!!
  17. 17Positive Punishment- Administration of a negative stimulus to decrease probability of a behavior being repeated.
    - A beating.
  18. 18Negative Punishment- Removal of a desired stimulus to decrease probability of a behavior being repeated.
    - Taking away a student's gold stars
  19. 19Primary Reinforcer- Satisfies biological needs
    - The things a person needs to survive such as food, water, warmth, sex, belonging
  20. 20Secondary Reinforcer- Satisfies wants associated with primary reinforcer
    - Things we want in order to get our needs such as money, good grades, attention, and praise.
  21. 21LearningA relatively durable change in behavior and knowledge based on experience
  22. 22ConditioningLearning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment
  23. 23Associative LearningLearning to associate one stimulus to another
  24. 24Acqusition(First stage of classical conditioning process)
    When one links the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus and triggers the conditioned response
  25. 25GeneralizationSimilar stimulus may elicit similar responses
  26. 26Continuous ReinforcementBehavior is reinforced each time it occurs
  27. 27Partial ReinforcementBehavior is reinforced intermittently
  28. 28Ratio ScheduleReinforcement is based on how many times a behavior occurs
  29. 29Interval ScheduleReinforcement is given after specific amount of time
  30. 30Fixed RatioReinforcement given after specific number of occurrences
  31. 31Fixed IntervalReinforcement is given after specific amount of time
  32. 32Variable RatioReinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses
    - The best !!!!!!
  33. 33Variable IntervalReinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of time
  34. 34Latent LearningLearning without reinforcement
  35. 35Observational LearningLearning by watching someone
  36. 36Social Learning- Direct: Learning and imitation
    - Indirect: Vicarious Learning
  37. 37MemesKnowledge transmitted within a culture
  38. 38Mirror neuronsNeurons are activated when watching others perform an action
  39. 39Long-term Potentiation- The strengthening of a synaptic connection
    - Conditioned responses result from connections between neurons
    - "Cells that fire together wire together"
  40. 40Biological Predisposition- When a person is born with certain responses
    - You cannot teach a bird to peck for danger and flap wings for food
  41. 41HabituationDecrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a nonthreatening stimulus

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Psychology FlashCards sobre Chapter 6: Learning, criado por p_nyarko em 21-07-2013.
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p_nyarko
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