Flashcards
Offender Profiling
Flashcards do conjunto (15)
- 1Top-Down ApproachProfiling Inputs
- Data is collected from the description of the crime scene, background information of the victim, and details of the crime itself.
- Suspects should not be considered - 2Top-Down ApproachDecision Process Models
- Murder type - mass, serial...
- Time factors - time of day, length of time
- Location factors - where did it take place? - 3Top-Down ApproachCrime Assessment
- Organised = tends to be planned, a specifically targeted victim, highly skilled employment
- Unorganised = unplanned and random selection of victim, low IQ low skilled/unemployed - 4Top-Down ApproachCriminal Profile
- Includes hypotheses about their likely background, habits, beliefs etc
- Work out a strategy to catch offender and anticipate how they will respond to interviews - 5Top-Down ApproachCrime Assessment
- A written report is given to the investigating agency, and suspects matching the profile are evaluated
Apprehension
- If a suspect is apprehended, the profile-generating process is reviewed to check the legitimacy - 6EvaluationMeasuring accuracy
> Usefulness can be questioned in terms of how it is measured
> how close was the profile to actual offender characteristics?
>Alison et al (2003) found that such judgements aren't reliable - 7EvaluationDistinguishing types of offender
> Turvey (1999) - dichotomy is false as it is more likely to be a continuum rather than 2 distinct categories (nomothetic)
> Descriptions may just be generalisations - "tends to be" - 8EvaluationThe basis of the method is flawed
> The original data on which this method is based on came from interviews with 36 of the most dangerous and sexually motivated murderers
> Data was used to identify key characteristics that would help police 'read' a crime scene - 9Bottom-Up ApproachInvestigative Psychology
- Canter (1999)
- Interpersonal coherence: people are consistent in their behaviour and therefore there will be links with elements of the crime and how people behave in everyday life. Changes in behaviour may offer further links - 10Bottom-Up ApproachInvestigative Psychology
- Forensic awareness: certain behaviours may reveal an awareness of particular police techniques and past experience
- Eg: rapists who conceal fingerprints often had previous conviction of burglary - 11Bottom-Up ApproachInvestigative Psychology
- Smallest space analysis: data about many crime scenes and offender characteristics are correlated so the most common connections can be identified
-Instrumental opportunistic
-Instrumental cognitive
-Expressive impulsive - 12Bottom-Up ApproachGeographical Profiling
- Circle Theory: Canter and Larkin (1993)
- Marauder: within the geographical area of committed crimes
- Commuter: offender travels to the geographical area
- Criminal Geographic Targeting: jeopardy surface (3D map of distance & movement) - 13EvaluationScientific Basis
> Use of objective statistical techniques and computer analysis
> Data used to drive this system is based on offenders who have been caught and therefore does not tell us about the patterns of behaviours in unsolved crimes - 14EvaluationIs geographical profiling successful?
> Rossmo (1999) -does not solve crime directly but is useful in prioritising house-to-house searches or identifying a geographical area where DNA could be collected
> Cannot distinguish between multiple offenders in one area - 15EvaluationIs circle theory successful?
> Canter and Larkin (1993) studied 45 sexual assaults and showed support for the model by distinguishing between marauders and commuters.
> 91% of offenders were marauders - if almost all offenders are marauders then it doesn't seem completely useful.
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- A level Psychology (Forensic Psychology) FlashCards sobre Offender Profiling, criado por Chanelle Titchener em 05-04-2019.
- Criado por
- Chanelle Titchener
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