Flashcards
Stress
Flashcards do conjunto (18)
- 1The sympathomedullary pathway1. Stressor
2. Sympathetic branch of ANS
3. Hypothalamus
4. Adrenal medulla
5. Adrenaline and noradrenaline
6. Fight or flight response
To get back to normal the parasympathetic branch of ANS restores the body - 2The pituitary adrenal system1. Stressor
2. Hypothalamus
3. Pituitary gland
4. Adrenocortictrophic hormone
5. Adrenal cortex
6. Corticostoroids
7. Liver - 3The body's response to stress> Stress can lead to heart problems because if it is repetitive it can effect cardiovascular system e.g. blood pressure.
> Too much cortisol suppresses immune system and process that fights infection will shut down. For example, Kiecolt-Glaser's study.
> Individual differences. Male have fight or flight response but females tend or befriend which is regulated by oxytocin. Oxytocin is associated with reduced cortisol and females have high levels of this which means women recover from stress faster than men. - 4The immune system> Protects body against infection.
> Network of cells and chemicals destroy antigens.
> Cells are called leukocytes (white blood cells). They are produced in the bone marrow and move in and out of tissues and organs to the spleen or lymph nodes. - 5Cohen > Investigated role of stress on vulnerability to cold virus. > 394 pts completed questionnaire on stressful life events in past year and he worked out stress index score. > They were exposed to cold virus and 82% were infected. > After 7 days he found chance of developing cold was positively correlated with stress index score.Evaluation
> Ethical issues in terms of protection from harm but they gave informed consent t do the study.
> Correlational. - 6Kiecolt-Glaser > Investigated if stress of exams effected functioning of immune system. Took blood samples of 75 medical students 1 month before exam and during to assess activity of NK cells. They also completed questionnaire on stressful times going on in their life. > NK cells reduced during exam period. >Those who felt lonely in questionnaire had lowest immune system functioning. > She concluded shot-term stressors reduce immune system functioning and increase vulnerability to illness and infection.Evaluation
> Done on students so difficult to generalise. However, she did another study that supported (carers that look after people with alzheimers)
> Segerstrong and Miller
> Not just stress that can effect immune system other things like diet and heath etc can all be factors too. - 7Holmes and Rahe > SRRS > 43 life events taken from 5000 pts and 400 pts rated each event in terms of amount of readjustment that would be needed. For example, marriage was given a score of 50.Evaluation
> Assumes each life event has the same impact on different people e.g. redundancy .
> Score does not say what is positive and what is negative. Those seen as negative tend to produce more stress. - 8Rahe et al > SRRS on 2700 American sailors before they left about life events from past 2 years. Health records were also kept. > Small positive correlation between SRRS score and illness score. They concluded experiencing life changes increases chances of illness.Evaluation
> Correlational.
> Other variables can account for the findings e.g. people who are more stressed may drink and smoke more.
> Brown said people with high levels of anxiety are more likely to report negative life events.
> Life events less important that daily hassles e.g. Delongis - 9Delongis > Criticised life changes approach and thought daily hassles were better measure of stress. > Devised hassles and uplift questionnaire to 100 people to do once a month for a year. It also recorded life events and health. > Found strong correlation between hassle score and health problems. > Also gave 75 married couples SRRS and hassles and uplift questionnaire 20 times in 6 months. This found strong positive correlation between daily hassles and next day health problems.Evaluation
> Results are consistant with findings.
> Retrospective.
> Correlational. - 10Bouteyre > Studies psychology students going to uni, they completed depression questionnaire. > 41% suffered with symptoms of depression. Positive correlation between symptoms of depression and hassles score.Evaluation
> Retrospective.
> Real life application e.g. daily hassles and road rage - 11Marmot > Longitudinal study on 7000 civil servants who completed questionnaire on job control, workload and social support. They were checked for signs of heart disease. > After 5 years those that has low levels of job control were more likely to develop heart disease.Evaluation
> Individual differences.
> Lack of control can have negative effects on mental health .
> High levels of stress at work along with problems at home or daily hassles can lead increase likelihood of someone having depression. - 12Johanson > Swedish saw mill, studied finishers and cleaners which both were repetitive jobs that needed a lot of attention. > Took blood samples to check adrenaline levels. > Finishers had high levels of adrenaline, more absences and more irritable than cleaners.Evaluation
> Meta analysis found those with high workload more likely to develop heart disease than those with low workload. However, only looks at workload not other factors like long hours, social support etc.
> Marmot's study
> Most research only looks at overload but under load can be just as stressful. - 13Friedman and Rosenman > Identified 3 characteristics of type a personality; competitive, hostile and impatient. > Type a leads to raised blood pressure and raised levels of stressful hormones that lead to heart disease. > Study on 3000 Californian men by using natural experiment and questionnaire. They examined pts for heart disease and found all were free at the start. They interviewed and observed how they respond to everyday life said if they were type a, b or x. > After 8 years 12% of type a had died of heart attach compared to 6% of type b.Evaluation
> Not clear which aspect of type a is most associated with heart disease but evidence suggests it could be hostility.
> Culture and gender specific.
> Based on Western ideas.
> Type D, more anxious and overreact to stressful situations. - 14Kobasa > People with hardy personality are less vulnerable to stress. The 3 characteristics are; control, commitment and challenge. > Business men took questionnaire on life events, illness and family history of illness. > 3 things and 3 components had effects on illness. More stressed they were, the more likely they were to become ill. Maddi and Kobasa > Study on company reducing workforce. 450 completed questionnaire. > 2/3 had stress related illness. The 1/3 that didn't scored high on 3 C's and show they were hardy and more likely to turn loosing job into opportunity.Evaluation
> Research to support comes from Gulf War in 1990's. Those with high hardiness levels were less likely to to suffer from ill health.
> Bartone found in his study on US soldiers those with low levels of hardiness were at greater chance of getting PTSD.
> Done on males. - 15Biological methods of stress management: Drugs- Benzodiapines > Anti-anxiety drugs that reduce serotonin levels in brain by reducing arousal of CNS by stimulating activity of GABA. Drugs- Betablockers > Reduce effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stress and reduces anxiety levels. They bind to the cells in heart and slow heart rate and reduce blood pressure.Evaluation
>Effective in reducing effects of stress.
> Reduce performance anxiety e.g. Lockwood
> Easy to use.
> Addictive and can lead to withdrawal symptoms.
> Side effects.
> Treats symptoms rather than problem. - 16Biological methods of stress management: Biofeedback > People with stress wear monitor that records heart rate, blood pressure and muscle tension and provides feedback to person experiencing stress. >Doctor and patient looks at the feedback and works out what caused stressed reaction at particular time and is taught muscle relaxation and meditation to reduce psychological reactions.Evaluation
> Non-invasive, avoids disadvantages of drug treatment e.g. side effects and dependency.
> Effective for treatment of migraine.
> My be relaxation rather than feedback that gets results. - 17Psychological methods of stress management: Stress inoculation training (SIT) > Help people to cope with intense events b learning how to inoculate against stressor before it arises. SIT increases coping strategies person has from therapeutic setting to everyday life. This is done by 1. Conceptualisation 2. Skills and training rehearsal 3. ApplicationEvaluation
> Meichenbaum used SIT to help people with snake phobias.
>Useful for students in exam periods. One study found law students who had SIT showed lower levels of stress over time and improved academic performance.
> Time consuming.
> Complicated. - 18Psychological methods of stress management: Hardiness training > Kobasa though hardy personality makes people more resistant to stress and people can be trained to have 3 criteria for hardiness. > This is how training is done: 1. Recognise what is causing stress and psychological signs to look out for 2. Relieve stressful situation and analyse how to deal with it 3. Patients can then learn techniques to move forwardEvaluation
> Been effective in different situations e.g. students at college.
> Real life applications e.g. Olympic swimmers.
> Cannot change way people deal with stress as people may have learnt bad habits so training can take long time.
> Control seems to be most important factor.
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- A-Level Psychology (Stress) FlashCards sobre Stress , criado por charlotteruddy em 25-03-2015.
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- charlotteruddy
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