Flashcards
Possible Short Answer Questions
Flashcards do conjunto (19)
- 1Compare and Contrast two procedures used in instrumental conditioning.Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both produce an increase in behaviour. In positive reinforcement the stimulus is present while in negative reinforcement the stimulus is removed. In positive reinforcement is appetitive and negative reinforcement is aversive. In most cases reinforcement is usually more effective than punishment.
- 2Compare and contrast two schedules of reinforcement used in instrumental conditioningSimilar: Both operant conditioning principles.
Both are predictible.
Different: FI is based on time intervals
FR is based on number of responses - 3Given a description of a research study or an event from every day life, identify the instrumental procedure and schedule of reinforcement usedUndergrads do relatively little work until just before the exam, then engage in a burst of reading and studying. After every chapter studied they are rewarded with a 15 minute break. This is an example of a fixed-interval schedule using a positive reinforcement.
- 4Explain, using classical conditioning, why women develop unusual food cravings during the first 3 months of pregnancy.A type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response is classical conditioning. When women are pregnant they experience cravings during pregnancy because of this. The taste of the food (the CS) and the hormonal changes (the US) produce 3 different points. 1) They get conditioned taste aversions to normally consumed food, then 2) these conditioned taste aversions generalize, and finally 3) the woman is still hungry so she craves new food combinations.
- 5Explain, using classical conditioning, how we can develop a food preference for beer.We develop a food preference for beer because of the conditioned stimulus taste and the unconditioned stimulus calories. Because we associate calories with good tastes because we usually consume it with things like chips, nachos, and burgers and also we associate it with positive emotions because we usually consume beer in a social, happy setting. Ultimately associating beer with all of these things that people tend to enjoy.
- 6Based on a description of a classical conditioning experiment, identify the CS, US, CR, and UR.Watson wanted to see if a child, Little Albert who was stolid and unemotional, could be classically conditioned to experience a strong emotional reaction, namely fear. When the rat (CS) was paired with Watson striking a large steel bar with hammer (US) it made Albert scared (UR). So once the rat (CS) was shown to Albert alone he was afraid of it (CR).
- 7Explain, using classical conditioning, how drug overdose could occur without taking more drug than usual.When the drug is injected, the entire setting functions as the CS, which in turn becomes part of the CR. These reactions produce drug tolerance. Change of setting makes the CS altered, so that the physiology compensatory CR that usually serves as a protective function (like how the body responds with a compensatory reaction that speeds up breathing in order to maintain homeostasis when heroin is taken) either does not occur or is substantially decreased. Leading to drug overdoses.
- 8Describe three characteristics of the model and three of the observer, that influence modelling.Model: o If the model has high social status you’ll learn more from them
o If the model has unique characteristics (ex. Eye patch) people remember stuff from them more
o If the model has a strong unique attitude whether it is happy or miserable it doesn’t matter.
Observer: o Past learning history- richer your learning history the better off you are from watching a model
o Age- after 30 no gain, after 60 it decreases.
o Sexual Arousal - 9Describe 5 things that do NOT make us happy1) Money and happiness- winning the lottery is only a short-term impact
2) Fast Food- It decreases our ability to 'stop and smell the roses'
3) Having Children- If you want the kids, your happiness doesn't increase nor decrease
4) Beauty- Better job success but not strongly linked to happiness
5) Buying Happiness- This does not change your happiness - 10Describe 5 things that science says you could do to increase your happiness1) Participate in active leisure- doing things like team sports, and hobbies increases our happiness
2) Volunteering- Gives you personal meaning and makes you feel less self-focused
3) Revisiting money- Not income, but how you spend it like spending money on others
4) Finishing what you start
5) Giving thanks- Having a gratitude journal that you write 3 things you are grateful for in it every week - 11Describe the three stage model of memory. What are the names, duration and capacity of each type of memory.*Sensory Memory: only about 1-2 seconds, but it is larger than we thought
*Short-Term Memory: 20-30 seconds and can hold about 4-5 items
*Long-Term Memory: unlimited duration, and unlimited storage - 12Define episodic and procedural memory. Describe two pieces of evidence to show that they are different.Episodic Memory: The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
evidence)
Procedural Memory: The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of 'practice' or 'knowing how' to do things.
evidence) - 13Describe how long term memories change with time.1) Details lost
2) Stereotypes introduced
3) Details added
4) Memories made more Familiar
5) Go from relative to absolute
6) Constructive (memory makes more sense)
7) Modernize - 14Describe with examples how you could improve your memory for the content of an exam.1) Motivation: You can use a reinforcement schedule, create sub-goals, and record youraviour.
2) Learning: Better to distribute your learning, chunking, study at night and sleep on it through active processing - 15What is a false memory? Describe a research procedure to produce one.what
- 16Describe four ways that you could increase how well people remember your advertisement.1) Repetition
2) Spacing
3) Serial position: commercials at the front end
4) Vividness: music and words - 17Define infantile amnesia and describe four explanations (based on research) for itInfantile Amnesia: Inability to recall episodic memories from the first 3-5 years of life.
4 explanations:
1) Developmental: the whole brain
2) Retrieval:
3) Masking: Changing at the cellular level, and covered up by subsequent changes
4) State Dependent (Cues): life has changed a lot from early life. - 18Describe 5 scientific reasons that the study of happiness is important.1) Improves the Immune System: when happy --> killer T-cells increase, fewer prescription drugs.
2) Associated with Health: Endorphins
3) Increased career success: Happiness predicts future success
4) Improved investment returns: Invested in happy companies you will get 2-4% better return
5) Increased tolerance - 19—
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- Intro Psychology FlashCards sobre Possible Short Answer Questions, criado por Kristen Plandowski em 17-12-2015.
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- Kristen Plandowski
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