Flashcards
Factors Affecting EWT
Flashcards do conjunto (25)
- 1What is Eyewitness Testimony (EWT)?Account of events given by people who have witnessed a crime
Give various details e.g. sequence of events and identification of suspects - 2Why isn't EWT always accurate?Memory is very susceptible to distortion from various factors
- 3What are the two variables that Wells identified as causing inaccuracies in EWT?1. Estimator variables - justice system has no control over e.g. how much attention the witness was paying/how stressed they were
2. System variables - justice system has some control over e.g. way questions are worded/asked & how line up is constructed - 4What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law suggest? Also apply to EWTWe perform poorly when at very low/high levels of arousal. Perform best at a medium level of arousal
Applied: crimes that are moderately frightening = best recall, very scary incidents = poor inaccurate memory (high levels of arousal) - 5Clifford & Scott (Supporting of YDL)Ppts shown a violent film = fewer than 40 items remembered in comparison to a control group who saw less stressful version
Violent film provoked more stress - 6Clifford & Scott (AO2 of AO2)Weakness - lab experiment, low in ecological validity. Ppts only saw a video, witnessing a real life crime would probably be more stressful
However could take findings further = memory may well have been affected more in real life - 7Macleod et al (Contradicting evidence of YDL)Real life EWT statements between assaults & those with no physical injury.
Found no overall differences in accuracy. Levels of arousal/stress had no impact on accuracy of memory
AO2: Field experiment, high in ecological validity - 8What is the weapon focus effect?The tendency to notice the weapon and be less accurate on other important details
- 9What did Loftus et al suggest in regard to the weapon focus effect?The threat the weapon poses may cause emotional arousal/anxiety, leading witnesses to accurately remember info about the weapon & less able to encode other visual info e.g. perpetrators face
- 10Loftus (Supporting evidence of WFE)Lab experiment. Ppts less successful at identifying man holding blood stained paper knife than a pen. Suggests ppts were concentrating on the pen & not the perpetrators face
- 11Loftus (AO2 of AO2)Ethical issues - researchers were deliberately trying to inflict stress on ppts
- 12Yuille & Cutshall (Contradicting of WFE)Accurate memories were produced for real life incident involving weapons. Also weapons were expected to be seen as it took place in a gun store.
Witnesses recalled much important, accurate detailed - 13Pickle (Variations of effectiveness of WFE)Varies with the unusualness of the situation e.g. very strong at a baseball game because guns wouldn't be expected
- 14What is a leading question?Worded to bias how a respondent answers; unknown information is implied in the question and is then implanted in their recollection of what happened (i.e. retroactive interference occurs).
- 15Give an example of a leading question"What colour hat was the man wearing?" implies the perpetrator was wearing a hat. Witness is now likely to believe that the man was wearing a hat as it was implied in the question, thus distorting their memory and consequently EWT
- 16Loftus & Palmer (Supporting evidence of leading questions)The verb used can influence the speed estimate given by ppts (thus distorting memory). "Smashed" had the most impact on participants in both parts of the experiment (P1 = highest speed estimate P2 = more likely to report seeing broken glass" = memory representation had been changed
- 17What is the Devlin Report and who influenced the writing of it?Loftus & Palmers findings were highly influential in the writing of this report
EWT shouldn't result in a conviction; juries should be careful when accepting the validity of EWT. - 18Loftus & Palmer (AO2 of AO2)Low in mundane realism - task wasn't a realistic life situation (only watching video of a car crash rather than actually witnessing a real life car accident)
- 19Criticism of the use of lab experiments to support leading questionsPossible that ppts in experiments less representative than real eyewitnesses because they realise that inaccuracies won't lead to serious consequences
- 20What is the cognitive interview schedule designed to do?Improve the accuracy of EWT
- 21What did Geiselmen et al propose about the Cognitive Interview ScheduleEncourages witnesses to mentally recreate the context of the crime, including environmental & internal factors relating to the incident. Also asked to give report in various orders & perspectives - attempts to create unbiased account of events; attempts to elicit an objective EWT
- 22Geiselmen et al (Supporting evidence of Cognitive Interview Schedule)41.1 correct statements produced using CIS compared to 29.4 when using standard police interview
- 23Geiselmen et al (AO2 of AO2)All students watched police training video; can be criticsed for its unrepresentativeness and artificiality
- 24Fisher et al (Supporting evidence for Cognitive Interview Schedule)Detective's performance assessed compared against their pre-training levels
Information gain as much as 47% - 25Fisher et al (AO2 of AO2)Weakness - ppts could've responded to DC as they knew they were being observed
Strength - High in ecological validity (real life situation using detectives)
Informações
- Descrição
- A-Level Psychology (A2 Forensic) FlashCards sobre Factors Affecting EWT, criado por Ellen Worrall em 17-04-2016.
- Criado por
- Ellen Worrall · abr 2016
- Atualizado
- 12 jun 2016
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