Flashcards
Behaviourist apporach
Flashcards do conjunto (48)
- 1What is the behaviourist approach?The behaviourist approach assumes we are born neutral, with no inherent personality. It is the environment which shapes who you are.
- 2What is classical conditioning learnt through?Classical conditioning is learnt through association.
- 3What is does 'UCS', 'UCR', 'CS' and 'CR' mean?UCS stands for Unconditioned stimulus
UCR stands for Unconditioned response
CS stands for Conditioned stimulus
CR stands for Conditioned response - 4What was Pavlov's theory on Classical conditioning?If two stimuli are paired together on several occasions, a person/animals will learn to respond to the second stimuli alone as they originally did to the first stimulus
- 5What was Pavlov's experiment?He tested this theory on a dog.
A dog would usually salivate(USR) when around food(UCS). Pavlov made the dog learn through conditioning to salivate(CR) when a bell is rung(CS) - 6What is operant conditioning learnt through?Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement
- 7What is Skinners theory?Behavior is reinforced to increase the probability of it being repeated. This is done in two ways:
positive reinforcement - Reward
negative reinforcement - Preventing something unpleasant. - 8How did Skinner test his theory?Skinner tested this theory by using rats. He would put the rats into a 'Skinner box' which contained a lever this lever would drop food into the box. After awhile the rat learnt that pushing the lever food would be dropped into the box.
- 9What is the 'Blank slate' assumption?The behaviorists believe that we are all born blank slates. Meaning all behavior is acquired from the environment, meaning the person has no identity until after birth.
The influence of genetics of behavior is completely ignored(Watson) - 10What does 'Tabula rasa' mean?Tabula Rasa is the Latin phrase often translated for 'blank slate'.
- 11What is the 'humans and animals learn in similar ways' assumption?There are only quantitative differences between humans and animals (e.g. brain size) therefore studying animals and applying it to humans is promoted.
- 12What can we assume from Skinner's experiment?We can assume that if rats learn through positive reinforcement then humans will too.
- 13What is the aim of Aversion therapy?Aversion therapy aims to use conditioning to re-condition the patient with an aversive response, rather than pleasurable response.
- 14How does aversion therapy work?Patients are repeatedly presented with an aversive stimulus(electric shock, drug that cause nausea) at the same they are engaging in their undesirable behavior (smoking/drinking).
When the aversive stimulus is repeated with the undesirable behaviour, the patient loses the wish to engage in the behaviour. - 15What does 'Covert sensitisation' involves?Covert sensitisation involves delivering the aversive stimulus by verbal suggestion rather than using a physical stimulus.
- 16Is aversion therapy effective? (positives)-Smith et al found that alcoholics treated with aversion therapy had higher abstinence rates after a year compared to those who were treated with counselling.
-52% of 300 smokers maintained abstinence after a year - 17Is aversion therapy effective? (negative)-Miller found no difference between the effectiveness of aversion therapy, counselling with aversion and counselling alone when it comes to alcoholism
-Patient drop-out rate is high. Bancroft found that up to 50% of patient refused treatment or dropped out. - 18What are ethical considerations in aversion therapy? (negative)- Patient suffer from psychological harm as anxiety can increase during therapy
-The use of punishment in therapy are controversial as the well-being of the individual may suffer.
-Patients usually give consent and have the right to withdrawn
-Patients suffer physical harm whist being exposed to aversion stimulus e.g. nausea& pain - 19Evaluation of the approach - ScientificOnly studies observable and measurable behaviour, adopting an objective approach. Thoughts and feelings are operationalised in terms of stimulus and response behaviours, allowing them to be quantified.
- 20Evaluation of the approach - ApplicationsBehaviourist principles have been successfully applied in the real world in therapies (aversion therapy and systematic desensitisation) as well as education and parenting (operant conditioning for behaviour management)
- 21Evaluation of the approach - Nature v NutureOnly looks at the environmental influences on behaviour, therefore ignores the role of nature. It also exaggerates the role nuture as if everything was learned, then everyone could be become a surgeon or an athlete which is unrealistic as innate factors must surely play a role in in shaping behaviour.
- 22Evaluation of approach - DeterministicBelieves that behaviour is shaped by external factors that an individual has no control over. It suggests that people do not make their own choices of how to behave, therefore ignores the idea of free will.
- 23Evaluation of the approach- GeneralisbilityAssumptions such as classical and operant conditioning were developed through research with animals. This limits the generalisations that can be made as there is no guarantee that humans will behave in the same way.
- 24What did Watson and Rayner do?They tested conditioned emotional responses in Baby Albert.
- 25What is the methodology of Watson and Rayner's research?There research method was a Controlled Observation.
Their sample consisted of 1 baby boy (Albert), he was chosen for his strong physical health and emotional stability - 26Procedures - Emotional Tests-At 9 months, Albert was confronted with a white rat, rabbit, dog etc. for the first time and his responses were noted.
-A steel bar was then struck to test his fear reaction. - 27Procedures- 11months and 3 days-Albert was presented with a white rat and as he touched the rat, a steel bar was struck behind his head (joint stimulation)
-As he touched the rat for the second time, the bar was struck again. - 28Procedures - 11months and 10days-Albert was presented with a white rat to see if the previous experience affected his response
-Joint stimulation then occurred three times before the rat was presented alone
-Joint stimulation then occurred twice before the rat was presented alone - 29Procedures - At 11 months and 15 days-Albert's conditioned emotional response was tested with other objects - firstly blocks, where he was alternately presented with blocks and a white rat
-Secondly with a rabbit, dog, fur coat, cotton wool and a Santa Claus mask. - 30Procedures- 11 months and 20 days-Albert was presented with blocks then a white rat.
-As the rat was placed on his hand, the steel bar was struck
-Albert was then presented with the rat, followed by the rat and the blocks
-Watson and Rayner "freshened" the response to the rabbit and dog by striking the steel bar when they were presented
-They moved the research into a large lecture room, presented Albert with the rat, rabbit and dog
-The steel bar was struck when the rat was presented
-The rat, blocks, rabbit and dog were then each presented on their own. - 31Procedures - 1year and 21 days-To test the effect of time on conditioned responses, Albert was presented with the Santa mask, fur coat, blocks, rat, rabbit and dog.
- Albert was removed from the experiment on this day before Watson and Rayner could remove the conditioned emotional response. - 32Findings - Emotional tests-Albert showed no fear to the animals/objects
-He trembled and cried when the steel bar was hit - 33Findings - At 11 months and 3 days- Albert jumped and fell forward when the steel bar was struck for the first time the steel bar was struck with the rat
-He jumped, fell and whimpered when the bar was struck again. - 34Findings - 11months and 10 days-Albert was tentative towards the rat, his previous experience had affected him.
-After joint stimulation (x3), Albert fell and whimpered when the rat was presented alone.
-After joint stimulation(x2), Albert cried instantly when presented alone with the rat. - 35Findings- 11 months and 15 days-Albert played with the blocks and only withdrew when the rat was presented, showing no transfer to any of the other objects in the room.
-He showed a negative response to the rabbit, dog and fur coat - crying with each of them (especially the rabbit)
-He showed a negative response to the Santa mask and the cotton wool but did not cry - 36Findings- 11 months and 20 days-Albert played with the blocks but withdrew himself from the rat
-He showed a violent reaction when the bar was struck with the rat
-He fell over when presented with the rat alone, leaned away from the rabbit, but played with the blocks
-After "freshening", Albert whimpered and fell when presented with the rabbit and dog
- In lecture room, Albert's responses were less extreme to the rat, rabbit and dog
-Albert jumped violently when the steel bar was struck with the rat
-He whimpered when presented with the rat and rabbit, wailed at the dog(but only when it barked in his face) and played with the blocks - 37Findings - 1 year and 21 days-Albert whimpered and cried when presented with the Santa mask, fur coat, rabbit and dog. He withdrew from the rat and began to fret and played with the blocks as usual
- 38What did Watson and Rayner conclude?-A fear response CAN be conditioned to a neutral stimuli (in this case, 2 joint stimulations were enough in the first session to create the emotional response)
- Conditioned emotional response can be transferred to similar stimuli
-Conditioned emotional response can persist for at least one month and is believed that they persist throughout life
-Many phobias are due to conditioned emotional response that are direct or have been transferred
-Although Albert was withdrawn from the experiment, it was believed that the response could be removed by reconditioning. - 39Evaluation of Methodology and Procedures - ReliablityIn terms of reliability, Watson and Rayner's research was strong...
-it was in a controlled environment
-Defined procedures that could be repeated
-Baseline test was done- allows comparison
-It was a filmed procedure - 40Evaluation of Methodology and Procedures - External ValidityIn terms of external validity, the research methods are weak..
-Fake environment, so hard to generalise to real life situations. - 41Evaluation of Methodology and Procedures - SamplingIn terms of sampling, Watson and Rayner's research is weak...
- 1 child, not enough participants to generalise
-No control group to compare. - 42Evaluation of Findings and Conclusions - DataIn terms of data, Watson and Rayner's research is problematic...
- Albert could have fear the situation or Watson
- He wasn't scared of the blocks - 43What is Seligman's theory?Seligman's theory of biological preparedness challenges Watson and Rayner's findings and conclusions. He argues that humans are genetically programmes to rapidly learn certain fears such as snakes, rats and heights as these could threaten our survival. This therefore weakens Watson and Rayner's conclusion that fear responses are learned solely through conditioning.
- 44Evaluation of Findings and Conclusions - Di Nardo et alDi Nardo et al provides further evidence to challenge Watson and Rayner's findings and conclusions. They claim that some people have experienced a traumatic experience but do not develop a phobia. This would suggest that conditioning alone cannot explain all phobias, therefore it weakens Watson and Rayner's conclusions.
- 45Ethical issues - Risk to ParticipantsPsychological harm :(
Watson and Rayner justified their research by saying he was caused no harm which he wouldn't already face - No ethical guidelines :)
Did intend to remove harm :) - 46Ethical issues - Valid consentMother gave consent :)
Low status mother - could struggle to say no (making it difficult to withdraw) :( - 47Ethical issues - ConfidentialityNumbers and letter should have been used instead of names :(
He was difficult to find :)
He's face was shown is recording :( - 48Social implicationsEducation -
Conditioned emotional response may be used by teachers to create fear and anxiety
Health- Systematic desensitisation based on the ideas that phobias can be counter conditioned by replacing the fear with a positive conditioned emotional response (relaxation)
Informações
- Descrição
- A-level Psychology FlashCards sobre Behaviourist apporach, criado por Catherine Rayner em 09-10-2016.
- Criado por
- Catherine Rayner
- Visualizações
- 5
- Tags
- Avaliação