Flashcards
Attatchment
Flashcards do conjunto (15)
- 1ReciprocityMeaning 2 ways (or mutual). Infant and caregiver are both active in the interaction and responding to each other. Babies have alert periods which mothers pick up on, but only about 2/3s of the time. From 3 months reciprocity kicks in as interaction becomes more frequent.
- 2Interactional SynchronyThe interaction is rhythmic and can include infant and caregiver mirroring each others behaviour and emotion. Meltzoff and Moore reported that babies can imitate facial expressions from as young as 3 days, implying that it is an innate behaviour.
- 3How do reciprocity and interactional synchrony overlap?The interactions between infant and caregiver will be rhythmic and mutual. It will appear that the infant and caregiver and responding to each other with similar sounds, emotions and behaviours. Infant and caregiver are able to anticipate how each other will behave.
- 4Supporting evidence of caregiver-infant interactions.Meltzoff and Moore: adults made 1 of 3 facial expressions and a hand gesture to a baby, whose response was filmed and rewatch by independent observers. The behavioural categories were; mouth opening, termination of mouth opening, tongue protrusion, termination of tounge protrusion. All scores were higher than .92. An association was found between the expression or gesture displayed adn the babies actions.
- 5Other evaluation of caregiver-infant interactions.Research methods: Observations for these procedures are generally well documented, and the child generally has no demand characteristics.
Not Universal: Le vine reported Kenyan mothers not having physical contact with babies but have high proportions of secure attachment.
Physical applications: Babies should have close contact with their mothers for at least 3 months to improve attatchment, - 6The stages of attachment-Pre attachmentWithin the first 3 months. Start to smile and become more "sociable". Can tell people apart and enjoy human company. Schaffer and Emerson found they did not fear strangers.
- 7Stages of attachment-indiscriminate attachment.3 months-7/8 months. Infants recognise and form bonds with their carers through reciprocity and interactional synchrony. However behaviour to animate and inanimate objects similar. Can be more easier calmed by familiar faces but allow strangers to handle them.
- 8Stages of attachment-Discriminate attachment.7/8 months onwards. The infant begins to show signs of separation anxiety when primary caregiver leaves (biological mother in 75% cases) Now have formed a significant attachment. Begin to show fear of strangers.
- 9Stages of attachment-Multiple attachment.9 months onwards. Begin to make multiple attachments (29% within a month). This is usually towards friends and grandparents and child minders.
- 10Evaluation of Stages of attachment.Longitudinal study- it can look at the real development of infants not just snapshot.
Validity-behaviour was unlikely to be effected by observers. However all babies from similar area and social class.
Generalizability- collectivist cultures have multiple caregivers, so the research does not entirely generalise.
Stages theory and links- Links in with reciprocity and synchronisation. Stages theory can be considered inflexible. - 11The role of the father and multiple attachments.Research does suggest that the father plays a key role in the development of attachment. Father play interactions tend to be more excitable. Mothers tend to be more nurturing and able to pick up well on infant distress, whereas fathers are preferred in a positive emotional state and can adapt to become more sensitive to distress. Stable marital relations were linked to more secure interactions.
- 12Evaluation of the role of the father.Grossman- suggested father has a different, unique role in attachment- one that is more to do with paly and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
Golombok-found that children growing up with a single parents do not develop and differently.
Biology- it has been theorised that the higher levels of female hormones pre-dispose females as the caregiver.
Applications- Can be used to develop the quality of attachment in a family as a whole. - 13Multiple attachments.29% of infants develop multiple attachments with a month of developing specific attachments.
78% have multiple attachments by age 1
33% of the 78% have 5 or more
Fathers are one of the key multiple attachments, and is important for development. - 14Animal studies of attachment- LorenzLorenz investigated the mechanisms of imprinting in birds by hatching one batch next to the mother and another with himself. The incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere. There was a critical period of 4-25 hours and if imprinting did not occur the hatchlings would not imprint at all. Those who imprinted on humans eventually tried to mate with them.
- 15Animal studies of attachment- Harlow
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- A level Psychology (paper 1) FlashCards sobre Attatchment, criado por Oliver Philpott em 10-04-2017.
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- Oliver Philpott
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