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Psych flashcards
Flashcards do conjunto (167)
- 1Memory in which we see ourselves as an outside observer wouldObserver memory
- 2A memory in which you instead picture the scene as you would have seen it through your own eyesField Memory
- 3A false but convincing memoryMemory illusion
- 43 systems of model memorySensory, short-term and long-term
- 5Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory systemSensory memory
- 6First stage in forming explicit memoriesSensory memory
- 7Vivid memory but contains errors and fades after a few minuteseidetic memory
- 8picture/image memoryiconic memory
- 9sound memoryechoic memory
- 10activated memory that holds items briefly before the info is stored or forgottenshort-term memory
- 11stresses conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info and of info retrieved from long-term memoryworking memory
- 12capacity varies by age and distractions at time of memory tasksworking memory
- 13George miller-- 7 bits Baddeley- 7 6 or 5capacity of short-term memory
- 14Encoding is more effective when it is spread over time. Distributed practice produces better long-term recall.Spacing Effect
- 15Encoding is very effective // retrieval practiceTesting effect
- 16Ways to aid short-term memoryChunking, mnemonics, hierarchies, rehearsal
- 17organizing info into meaningful groups to expand the span of STM beyond 7ishchunking
- 18memory aids, especially techniques that use vivd imagery and organizational devicesmnemonics (peg-word and keyword)
- 19organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and ideashierarchies
- 20repeating info to extend the duration of STMrehearsal (elaborative vs maintenance)
- 21permanent store of information, capacity very large, may endure for decadesLong-term memory
- 222 forms of long-term memoryexplicit and implicit
- 23declarative memory, accessible to conscious awarenessexplicit memory
- 242 types of explicit memorysemantic and episodic
- 25knowledge of factssemantic memory
- 26knowledge of events in our livesepisodic memory
- 27loss of explicit memoryamnesia
- 28loss of past memories before onset of amnesiaretrograde amnesia
- 29inability to form new memories since onset of amnesiaanterograde amnesia
- 30part of brain: when damaged/removed explicit memory is impaired but implicit memory is sparedhippocampus
- 31Explicit memory system- brain partshippocampus and frontal lobes
- 32neural storage of long-term memoryconsolidation
- 33Implicit memory system- brain partscerebellum and basal ganglia
- 34not deliberately remembered, doesn't require conscious effort, many different formsimplicit memory
- 35motor skills and habitsprocedural memory (implicit)
- 36associative conditioning between neutral stimulus and innately meaningful stimuliclassically conditioned responses (implicit)
- 37Brain part: plays important role in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioningcerebellum
- 38brain part: helps form memories of physical skillsbasal ganglia
- 39conscious memory of the first three years is blank. which brain part needs to be developed?infantile amnesia, hippocampus
- 40Brain part: emotion-related memory informationamygdala
- 41memories that occur via emotion-triggered hormonal changes and rehearsalflashbulb memories
- 42increase in a synapse's firing potential. After this, brain will not erase memories, Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. Doubled receptor sitesLong-term potentiation
- 43sea slug guys and what they discoveredKandell and Schwartz-- with learning more serotonin is released and cell efficiency is increased-- number of synapses increase
- 44getting information into memoryencoding
- 45keeping information in memorystorage
- 46reactivation or reconstruction of information from memoryretrieval
- 473 ways to measure memoryrecall, recognition, relearning
- 48generating previously remembered information (fill in the blanks)recall
- 49selecting previously remembered information from an array of options (multiple choice)recognition
- 50how much more quickly we can reacquire something learned before (whose curve?)Relearning//Ebbinghaus
- 514 types of retrieval cuespriming, serial position effect, context-dependent memory, state-dependent memory
- 52activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memorypriming
- 53context and state dependent are types of ___encoding specificity
- 54we're more likely to remember something when the conditions present at encoding are similar to those at retrievalencoding specificity
- 55external contextcontext-dependent memory
- 56internal statestate-dependent memory
- 573 parts of serial position effectprimacy effect, recency effect, von Restore effect
- 58tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list rather than those later in the list // memory type // brain region activity?primacy effect // LTM // hippocampal activity
- 59tendency to remember words at the end of a list better than those earlier in the list // memory type // brain activity?recency effect // STM // dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity
- 60tendency to remember distinct stimulivon restorff effect
- 615 causes of forgettingencoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, interference, motivated forgetting
- 62Reasons for retrieval failureevents and memories are not available because they were never acquired; memories have been discarded due to stored memory decay; insufficient information to access memories make these out of reach
- 632 things encoding failure is linked toage and attention
- 64course of forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off with timestorage decay
- 65Freud's idea of motivated forgettingprotect self-concept and minimize anxiety
- 66Today's forgettingattempts to forget are more likely when info is neutral, not emotional
- 67interference that occurs when older memory makes it more difficult to remember new informationproactive
- 68interference that occurs when new learning disrupts memory for older informationretroactive
- 69faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imaginedsource amnesia
- 70when a memory has been corrupted by misleading informationmisinformation effect
- 71occurs when repeatedly imagining fake actions and events create false memoriesimagination effect
- 72"i've experienced this before"deja vu
- 73Eyewitness recall suggestive peopleCeci and Bruck
- 74Involves the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatingcognition
- 75Help to simplify thinking through mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and peopleconcepts
- 76a mental image or best example of a particular categoryprototype
- 77implicit knowledge/analysis frozen into habitintuition
- 78ability to produce new and valuable ideas. supported by aptitude, intelligence, and working memorycreativity
- 79expands the number of possible problem solutions // brain area?divergent thinking // frontal lobe
- 80narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution // brain areaconvergent thinking // parietal lobe
- 815 ingredients of creativity (Robert Sternberg)expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment
- 82Guys with dual processKahneman and Tversky
- 83system 1fast and automatic; uses heuristics
- 84system 2methodical and slow; uses algorithms
- 85can destroy judgement by estimating the likelihood of an event based on memory availabilityavailability heuristics
- 86using subjective similarity between observation and expected profile or pattern while ignoring other statistical informationrepresentativeness heuristics
- 873 types of representativeness heuristicsneglecting base rates, law of small numbers, conjunction fallacy
- 88tendency to be more confident than correctoverconfidence
- 89clinging to beliefs and ignoring evidence that proves they are wrongbelief perseverance
- 90predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our hypothesisconfirmation bias
- 91sways decisions and judgements by influencing the way an issue is posedframing
- 92Animals: mirror self-recognitionapes and dolphins
- 93animals: voice recognitionbaboons
- 94animals: displays of learning, remembering, cooperationelephants
- 95Genuine smileDuchenne smile
- 96fake smilePan Am smile
- 97arousal, behavior, and cognitionemotion
- 98emotionshappiness, disgust, sadness, fear, surprise, anger
- 99humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that can combine in complex waysdiscrete emotions theory
- 100emotions are products of thinking, not innate moron programs. there are as many different kinds of emotions as thoughtscognitive theories of emotion
- 101emotions result from out interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuliJames-Lange Theory of Emotion
- 102An emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to emotional and bodily reactionsCannon-Bard theory
- 103arousal+label=emotion emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal, with and attribution to that arousal // peopletwo factor theory // S&S includes spillover effect
- 104emphasizes human strengthspostitive psychology
- 105happiness is relative to our own experiencesadaptation-level phenomenon
- 106happiness is relative to others' successthe relative deprivation principle
- 107we believe that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they dodurability bias
- 108the tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstanceshedonic treadmill
- 109stimuli below the threshold of awarenesssubliminal stimuli
- 110repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward itmere exposure effect
- 111you're likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial expressionsfacial feedback hypothesis
- 112tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actionsbehavior feedback hypothesis
- 1132 dimensions of emotionarousal and valence
- 114examine people of different ages at a single point in timecross-sectional design
- 115track the development of the same group of people over time (controls for cohort effects)longitudinal design
- 116the study of how behavior changes over timedevelopmental psychology
- 117false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that eventpost hoc fallacy
- 118assumption that extremely early experiences are more influential in our development than later experiencesinfant determinism
- 119assumption that children are extremely delicatechildhood fragility (nope-- case Liz Murray)
- 120the impact of genes depends on the environment in which the behavior developsgene-environment interaction
- 121some genes turn on only in response to specific environmental eventsgene expression
- 122genetic predisposition can drive us to select and create particular environmentsnature via nurture
- 123automatic motor behaviors often present at birthreflexes
- 124self-initiated body movements, primarily universal in sequence but not in timing, are guided by genes and influenced by environmentmotor behaviors
- 125fertilized eggzygote
- 126ball of identical cells, each with no specific functionblastocyst
- 127second week through eighth week after conception, when limbs, facial features, and major organs take shapeembryo
- 128ninth week through birth during which physical maturation occursfetus
- 129environmental factor that can harm development such as FASteratogen
- 1303 obstacles to normal fetal developmentteratogens, genetic disruptions (down syndrome), low-birth-weight and premature babies
- 1314 types of parenting stylespermissive, authoritarian, authoritative, uninvolved
- 132lenient, affectionate, very little punishment parentingpermissive
- 133support children but set firm limitsauthoritative
- 134strict, show little affection, strong discipline parentingauthoritarian
- 135neglectful, ignore childrenuninvolved
- 136basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origintemperament
- 137infant classifications (temperament)thomas and chess: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up
- 138behavior inhibition guyKagan
- 139a fear of strangers developing around 8 monthsstranger anxiety
- 140process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early lifeimprinting
- 141strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closestattachment
- 142positive emotions afforded by touchcontact comfort (harlow's monkeys & infant bonding)
- 143ambivalent child approaches mother but seems angry, may push her away, child tends not to exploreinsecure attachment
- 144avoidant; child ignores mother or shows no emotion when she returns; child tends not to exploreinsecure attachment
- 145child calms down when mother returns, returns to playing; tends to feel safe to explore the room while using mother as secure basesecure attachment
- 1462 people for cognitive developmentPiaget and Vygotsky
- 1474 stages of cognitive developmentsensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
- 148children only know what they can see, lack object permanence, lack deferred imitation, scale errorssensorimotor (0-2)
- 149ability to form hypothetical reasoning, ability to use logic in new situationsformal operational (11+)
- 150Ability to construct mental representation of experiences, but unable to perform mental transformations or operations, object permanence develops, egocentricpre-operational (2-7)
- 151can perform mental operations for actual events, can perform conservation tasks and mathematic operations, no longer egocentric, still poor at performing mental operations in abstract situations (need physical experience)concrete operational (7-11)
- 152an inability to see the world through others' perspectivesegocentrism
- 153children construct an understanding of the world based on observations of the effects of their behaviors (assimilation then accommodation)constructivist theory
- 154absorbing new info into current knowledgeassimilation
- 155altering a belief to make it compatible with experienceaccomodation
- 156knowing an object exists even when you cannot see itobject permanence
- 157despite transformation, the amount remains the sameconservation
- 158Guy-- social and cultural influences on learningVygotsky
- 159learning mechanisms in which parents provide initial guidance in child's learning then gradually removes structurescaffolding
- 160phase of learning during which children can benefit from instructionzone of proximal development
- 1613 contemporary theories of cognitive developmentdomain-general cognitive accounts, social-cultural accounts, modular accounts
- 162domain-specific spheres of knowledgemodular accounts
- 163similar to Piaget but gradual, rather than stage-like learningdomain-general cognitive accounts
- 164emphasize social contactsocial-cultural accounts
- 165guy: much of morality is rooted in moral intuitions that are made quickly and automaticallyHaiti
- 166Guy: moral cognition is often automatic but can be overriddenGreene
- 167Guy: ability to delay gratification is linked to more positive outcomes in adulthoodMischel
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- Psychology FlashCards sobre Psych flashcards, criado por Sarah Summers em 15-05-2017.
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