Flashcards
Addiction
Flashcards do conjunto (68)
- 1McGue50-60% heritability of alcoholism
- 2Agrawal and Lynsky45-79% heritability of drug use
- 3Noble2/3 of alcoholics has A1 variant of DRD2 gene compared to 1/5 of non alcoholics
- 4BlumPeople with A1 variant have less reward centres in the brain
- 5Comings48.7% of smokers have A1 variant compared to 25% in general population
- 6VolkowPeople with less D2 receptors responded better to ritalin
- 7Grantanimals who lose social status lose D2 receptors
- 8self medicationproposed by gelkopf (2002), says people choose their addictions and think it will work due to failures in ego control
- 9Gottendienersubstance abuse disorders show signs of failed ego control
- 10sanjunwomen who are abused are more likely to turn to alcohol to lower inhibitions that those not abused
- 11cohen and litchtensteinsmokers report more stress than non smokers and stress levels drop when they quit
- 12expectancy theoryafter time expectations are less influenced by conscious decisions and more by unconscious expectations
- 13Leighthe more favourably people evaluated the impairments of drinking, the more they abused alcohol
- 14sheermen have more positive expectations of alcohol than women
- 15coreyfound no gender difference in expectancy
- 16rational choiceproposed by becker and murphy, people maintain and relapse because they look to maximise gain
- 17davisaddicts vary how they behave in different situations suggesting they are not out of control
- 18west (1)observing addicts he concluded that the cravings and compulsions were very real
- 19west (2)smokers who wont quite show some control as they perceive the costs of quitting are worse than the benefits
- 20west (3)explains conflict between conscious desire to stop and motivational forces that tell them to continue
- 21whiteamphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, opiates and alcohol all trigger dopamine release (reward)
- 22Robson and Berridgelots of people take addictive drugs but don't form an addiction
- 23Glautiersights and smells of a pub can elicit same physiological response as alcohol
- 24Robinssoldiers who couldn't give up heroin in vietnam were less likely to relapse once at home
- 25Drummondtherapies should be based on reversing conditioned stimuli
- 26sltvicarious reinforcement and individuals recognise diff effects of diff drugs and have diff expectations of each which explains diff addictions. maintained through operant and classical conditioning and peer pressure
- 27Diblasio and Bendapeer group influence is the primary factor in adolescent drug taking
- 28Botrintreatment should focus on beginner adolescents as this is the most vulnerable age
- 29Lawrenceadults who smoke more have less confidence to abstain. lack of self effacy causes people to go from experimental to regular smoking
- 30smoking (psychosocial/socio-economic reasons)'i'm tough/adult'. peer group presents it as enjoyable, more common when parents approve of smoking (jarvis). Its also associated with socio economic disadvantage
- 31smoking (biological reasons)nicotine leads to short dopamine release, as nicotine levels in the blood drop they get withdrawal symptoms so they have another cigarette
- 32mayeuxboys who smoked at 16 were more popular at 18
- 33khaleddepression highest in smokers who were trying to quit, lowest in those who had never smoked
- 34peretti-watelspec neighborhoods assciated with economic disadvantage correlated with more smoking
- 35gamblingloss of control of gambling behaviour..increase in freq..continue despite costs. sham found evidence of genetic transmission of gambling in men. zuckerman suggested a link to sensation seeking and blaszcynski low boredem toleration
- 36slutske64% variation in gambling risk was genetic
- 37alessi and petytrait of impulsiveness linked to gambling
- 38coventry and brownpeople who bet on horse racing were lower sensation seeking
- 39taylorlow self esteem at 11 meant you were more likely to be addicted at 20
- 40bianchi and phillipspeople with low self esteem are more likely to be addicted to their phone
- 41newcombself esteem was only 10th most important factor in developing addictions
- 42shramnicotine had greater effect on the neural structures of adolescent rats and they were more sensitive to its rewarding qualities
- 43health canada youth surveyearly onset smokers were more likely to drink alcohol binge drink and smoke cannabis
- 44peerscould influnce by slt or addicts select peers that are also addicts. bullers found peer group predicted individual drinking but individual drinking also predicted subsequent peer group drinking
- 45sussman and amespeer use of drugs is a strong predictor of drug use among teenagers
- 46sussman and ames (2)family conflict and drug toleration by parents are more significant than peers
- 47stresssmokers say they smoke to relive stress but in the long term it increases it. Once in the maintenance stage self medication occurs to justify the addiction
- 48driessen30% of drug addicts and 15% of alcoholics suffer from ptsd
- 49sulkunen (2007)content analysis of 140 scenes from 47 films, drugs were seen as enjoyable and contrasted dull everyday life, they were also seen to solve relationship problems and presented as legitimate rebellion
- 50gunasekera87 of the most pop films from the last 20 yrs, cannabis and non injected drugs shown as good but less common that smoking and alcohol, only 1 condom in 53 episodes of sex, 3 in 4 films had neg health behaviours e.g unprotected sex
- 51ofcom reporttop 10 most watched programmes in last 10-15 yrs. alcohol appeared 12 times ph. it was 84% neutral 4% pos, 6% mixed, 6% neg. smoking 91% neutral 1% pos, 4% mixed, 4% neg. drugs 40% neutral, 0% pos, 3% mixed, 57% neg
- 52theory of planned behaviourbehaviour is under the control of the individual, linked to whether a person believes they can succeed, more control perceived = more intention, try harder, persevere more. intention is a mix of perceived control, subj norms + attitude
- 53armitage and connerperceived behavioural control added an extra 6% of the variance in intention compared to the assessment of attitude and subjective norms alone
- 54riseaffective attitude and descriptive norm played a crucial role in whether smokers would quit
- 55albarradoesnt explain irrational descisions
- 56biological intervantionsmethadone and ssris used. ssris are used in gamblers where low serotonin is though to be the problem
- 57hollandergamblers given ssris showed significant improvemnt
- 58blanco32 gamblers over 6m did not improve with ssris
- 59uk statistics authority300 people died due to methadone overdose
- 60psych interventions (behavioural)Aversive therapy:electric shock when they read phrases about their addiction. Imaginal desensitisation:taught to relax not submit when exposed to triggers. behavioural counselling: increasing rewards for increasing drug breaks
- 61psychological interventions (non behavioural)cbt: patients identify activating event, belief and consequence then learn to dispute them. psychoanalysis: try to help solve root cause of addiction e.g childhood trauma
- 62McConaghy + Blaszczynskiimaginal desensitisation better than aversion therapy
- 63silvermanvoucher based reinforcement produced sustained cocaine abstinence in injecting polydrug users
- 64bergherout of 80 people given psychoanalysis, 45 were cured, 15 experienced lasting symptom reduction
- 65public health interventionsdoctors advice, legislation (smoking ban and reducing harful components), restricting and banning advertising-slt associates drinking with popularity so banning it should reduce that
- 66academy of medial sciencesas cost of ads rose amount of alcohol consumed by 11-15 yr olds rose
- 67snydercorrelation between alcohol consumed and ads viewed
- 68smartrestriction on alcohol didn't affect consumption
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- Descrição
- FlashCards sobre Addiction, criado por abi.harmer em 14-06-2013.
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- abi.harmer
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