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Flashcards

Attachments (better version)

Olivia McKenzie-Allen Psychology a-level Inglês 52 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (52)

  1. 1define Attachmentan enduring two way bond to a specific other person
  2. 2in what way can attachments be formed between a parent and an infant?Reciprocity, interactional synchrony, bodily contact, caregiverease, mimicking, bodily contact
  3. 3define reciprocityinteractions of similar behaviour patterns between carers and infants resulting in mutual behaviour
  4. 4define interactional synchronyco-ordinated, rhythmic interactions between infant and caregiver like a non-verbal conversation involving taking turns
  5. 5evaluate caregiver infant interactions in the development of attachments- no reason for why these interactions exist, so simply gives a relationship, not cause and effect
    - little ecological validity due to controlled setting of observations
    - hard to observe young infants, particularly below 6 months when movement and actions are limited
  6. 6who developed the stages of infant attachments?Schaffer and Emmerson
  7. 7what are the 4 stages of attachment and what age ranges are linked to these?1. Asocial Stage/pre-attachment 0-3 months
    2. indiscriminate attachments 3-7 months
    3. discriminate attachments 7-8 months
    4. Multiple Attachments 9+ months
  8. 8what is typical of the asocial/pre-attachment phase?infants begin to show preference to people and faces in comparison to objects demonstrated by smiling at people's faces
  9. 9what is typical of the indiscriminate phase of attachment?infants begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar faces smiling at known people but still let strangers look after them
  10. 10what is typical of the discriminate phase of attachment?infant becomes more specific in their attachment and stays close to particular attachment figures, usually the mother, protesting if strangers try to pick them up
  11. 11what is characteristic of the multiple attachment phase?strong emotional ties with major caregivers such as grandparents and non caregivers like other children, the fear of strangers remains but the attachment to the mother usually remains the strongest
  12. 12evaluate Schaffer and Emmerson's stages of attachment- longitudinal study so minimized participant variables
    - ecological validity as study was done in the infants homes
    - data was self report so may be subject to bias
    - large individual differences in timings of reaching the stages so the results may not be generalisible
  13. 13why did the role of the father come into question in infant attachments?most research was done on mother infant interactions but as times changed the role of the father in a child's life increased as it became more common for women to work after having children
  14. 14what factors are said to affect the role between father and infant?degree of sensitivity, attachment with own parents, maternal intimacy, supportive co-parenting
  15. 15define degree of sensitivity in terms of role of the fathermore secure attachments are found in fathers who show more sensitivity to their child's needs
  16. 16explain type of attachment with parents in terms of attachment to the fathera child is likely to have a similar relationship with their father in a single parent family as what the father had with his own parents
  17. 17define maternal intimacy in terms of attachments to the fatherdegree if intimacy a father has with his partner will affect the type of relationship he has with his children
  18. 18define supportive co-parenting in terms of attachments to the fatherthe amount of support a father gives his partner in a relationship will affect his attachment with his children
  19. 19define sensitive responsivenessrecognising and responding appropriately to an infants needs
  20. 20evaluate the role of the father in attachments- children with better paternal attachments have better future relationships with peers and fewer problem behaviours
    - children growing up without fathers have been seen to do worse in school and have higher levels of risk taking and aggression
    - supportive fathers in childcare have been seen to provide time away from childcare for mothers allowing for reduced stress and improved self esteem
  21. 21what are the two animal studies into attachments?-Lorenz and goslings
    - Harlow and Monkeys
  22. 22how does classical conditioning explain attachments?UCS of food paired with NS of caregiver to give UCR of happiness. leads to caregiver becoming a CS eliciting a CR of happiness
  23. 23how does operant conditioning explain attachments?the food given by the caregiver is seen as a primary reinforcer removing the unpleasant feeling of hunger and the caregiver is the secondary reinforcer becoming an attachment figure as a result
  24. 24evaluate the learning theory into explaining attachments- oversimplified explanation of complex behaviours as it doesn't show why children form attachments to people who don't feed them
    - conditioning has a lot of support as a theory in itself so is a strong explanation
    - opposing evidence in Harlow's study
  25. 25who came up with the monotropic theory of attachment?Bowlby
  26. 26define monotropic theorythat all infants have an innate/evolutionary tendency to make a primary attachment with a single attachment figure, usually the biological mother
  27. 27what are the 7 key terms in Bowlby's monotropic theory?Adaptive, Social Releasers, Critical Period, Monotropy, Internal Working Model, Proximity Drive, Continuity
  28. 28Define Adaptive in terms of the monotropic theoryattachments allow infants to adapt to the environment they live in
  29. 29define social releaserscharacteristics such as crying or holding fingers of a caregiver which illicit caregiving
  30. 30define critical period in terms of the monotropic theorya period at the beginning of a child's life in which they must attachments or they will never be able to form real attachments (up to 2 years)
  31. 31define internal working model in terms of the monotropic theory of attachmentsmental representation of what a relationship should consist of based on the initial childhood relationship usually with the mother
  32. 32define proximity drive in terms of the monotropic theory of attachmentschild wanting to consistently remain close to the mother while keeping a distance from strangers
  33. 33define continuity in terms of the monotropic theory of attachmentsthe effect of the attachment with the mother continue to affect the child in later life
  34. 34evaluate the monotropic theory of attachments- Schaffer and Emmerson supports the idea that attachments begin with one primary attachment figure
    - socially sensitive as the research implies that working mothers are causing their children physical and emotional problems later in life
    - Bowlby suggests fathers are minor attachment figures while evidence suggests fathers have a key role in attachments later in life
  35. 35what are the three types of attachment found by Ainsworth et al?secure, insecure avoidant and insecure-resistant
  36. 36what is typical of securely attached children?happy to explore a room and have moderate separation and stranger anxiety but are easily comforted by the mother upon returning to the child
  37. 37what is typical of insecure-resistant children?unwilling to explore and have high stranger and separation anxiety, but will not be comforted by the mother upon her return
  38. 38what is typical of insecure-avoidant children?infants are happy to explore having little stranger or separation anxiety and avoid interaction with the caregiver
  39. 39who investigated cultural variations in the strange situation?van Ijendoorn and Kroonenberg
  40. 40what is the maternal deprivation hypothesis?the disruption of the attachment between mother and infant during the critical period which even if it is only shot term can cause damage to the intellectual, social and emotional development of a child
  41. 41define deprivationwhen a child has formed an attachment and this is disrupted dur to short or long term separation
  42. 42what are the three characteristics of short term separation?- protest - immediate response to separation including things such as crying or screaming
    - despair - protest replaced by calmer more apathetic behaviour but anger and fear still felt inwardly
    - detachment - child responds to people again treating everyone warily rejection of the caregiver on return is common
  43. 43what are the effect of maternal deprivation on development?1. mental retardation - have a generally lower IQ in comparison to children who never experienced maternal deprivation
    2. affectionless psychopathy - have difficulty experiencing guilt or emotion for others preventing the person developing normal relationships later in life
  44. 44what study tested the maternal deprivation theory?the 44 thieves study by Bowlby
  45. 45evaluate the maternal deprivation theory- high ecological validity as most studies are done on real lives (case studies)
    - interpretation of the studies may be bias as it may be subjective
    - not all children react to separation in the same way so it may be possible that the results are due to another factor
  46. 46define privationnever forming an attachment with a caregiver
  47. 47who studied privation in childrenRutter - Romanian orphan studies
  48. 48define institutionalisationwhen privation occurs through childcare which involves the child living there for a long period of time e.g. orphanages
  49. 49what can privation lead to?1. disinhibited attachment - being equally close to strangers as they are to people they know well due to not forming initial attachments to base later attachments upon
    2. Mental Retardation - lower IQ and intellectual abilities in comparison to children who formed normal attachments in childhood
  50. 50evaluate the effects of privation- real life application in improving the treatment of children in orphanages
    - not generalisable as the results from Romanian orphanages were not typical examples but were extreme situations
    - may be exaggerated that the effects of privation as they were found to not be irreversible as Bowlby suggested when the children were placed in loving homes
  51. 51what is the continuity hypothesis?the idea that childhood attachments affect those later in life
  52. 52who studied the continuity hypothesis?Hazan and Shaver - love quiz

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Descrição
a-level Psychology FlashCards sobre Attachments (better version), criado por Olivia McKenzie-Allen em 10-05-2019.
Criado por
Olivia McKenzie-Allen · mai 2019
Atualizado
11 mai 2019
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