Flashcards
Psychology
Flashcards do conjunto (16)
- 1Learning Theory (Behaviourism) Unconditional stimulus -> Unconditional Response Unconditional stimulus + neutral stimulus -> Unconditional response Conditioned stimulus -> Conditioned ResponseUnconditioned stimulus; Something Natural.
Unconditioned response; Natural response.
Neutral stimulus; Something you wouldn't normally react too.
Conditioned stimulus; Learning stimuli (neutral becomes learned - associated with unconditional stimulus)
Conditioned Response; Learned Response. - 2Classical Conditioning US --> UR (Food) (Comfort) US + NS --> UR (Food) (Mother) (Comfort) CS --> CR (Mother) (Comfort)Classical conditioning leads to attachment formation as when a baby is given food, they gain comfort from it.
So.... when the mother gives the baby food, the baby gets comfort and after a while it starts to associate their mother with comfort. - 3Operant Conditioing - Dollard and Miller (1950) Positive Reinforcement - A reward that serves to increase the probability of any response produced shortly before it is presented. Primary Reinforcer - Something that provides positive reinforcements because it serves to satisfy some basic drive. Secondary Reinforcer - A reinforccer that had no natural properties of reinforcement but through association with primary reinforcer.Steps
1 - All humans process various primary motives or drives, eg; Hunger. Stimuli that satisfy these primary drives are known as primary reinforcers.
2 - They will be driven for food, eating the food results in a drive reduction and is positively reinforcing.
3 - If they are rewarded they are more likely to repeat the behaviour due to it being learned.
4 - A mother becomes a secondary reinforcer as they provide the food that reduces the drive.
5 - Then on, the child or infant seeks to be with a person who has become their secondary reinforcement - as he/she is now a source of reward. - 4Neo-Behaviourism (Social Learning) Vicarious Reinforcement - Observational reinforcement seeing someone getting rewarded for a certain behaviour - you are then more likely to repeat that behaviour. Modelling - Learning based on observing and imitating a models behaviour. Direct instruction - Providing reward or reinforcement when the child behaves in the required way.This explains how attachments are formed as you could model and imitate behaviour you have seen which can cause an infant or child to form an attachment.
Direction instruction will be a positive reinforcement as the mother will give it love when they show it attention. - So telling your child you love them is a positive reinforcement. - 5Reliability - This refers to how consistent a study is. Validity - This refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to be measuring/examining Internal Validity - Addresses the relationship between 2 variables (valid, reliable)External Validity - Extent to which the results of a study can be generalised to other people/situations.
Mundane Realism - When an activity or entire study itself is similar to an activity or process that could be completed in day to day life.
Ethnocentrism - Using one culture to study a certain topic, and then judging and evaluating other cultures (using your culture as what is 'normal') - 6The Strange Situation - Mary Ainsworth - A mother and child are in a room together, as the mother interacts and plays with the infant. - A stranger comes in and the infant looks at them for abit before returning to play. - The stranger then tries to interact and play with the infant, but the infant takes no notice and carries on.- The mother then leaves the room and the baby cries and the stranger tries to comfort the baby to no success.
- Mother returns and the baby calms down very quickly.
- When mother and stranger both leave the room, the baby becomes very distressed and cries. - 7The strange situation - Secure attachment (70%) Exploratory Behaviour - When with mother, thee child is confident and they explore the area they are in more because their mother is their secure base. Seperation Anxiety - Child becomes distressed and cries when the mother leaves.Reunion Behaviour - When reunited, the baby/child calms down as the mother comforts them,
Stranger Anxiety - When stranger tries to comfort them, it doesnt work. Unsure when alone and then they cry. Also they prefer the mother and they are only confident and okay when the mother is there - 8The Strange Situation - Insecure Avoidant (20%) Exploratory Behaviour - They will just play with the toys and do not interact with the mother - they do not use her as a secure base. They also make no attempt to share toys. Seperation Anxiety - The child wouldnt become distressed/no reaction because they are ignoring the mother.Reunion Behaviour - No attempt to seek proximity interaction.
Stranger Anxiety - No comfort seeking from the mother/caregiver. Equally as comfort with mother and the stranger, as they dont really care. - 9The Strange Situation - Insecure Ambivalent (resistant) (10%) Exploratory Behaviour - Pushing the mother away when she attempts to interact or play. Insecure child will sit very close to mother. Seperation Anxiety - They do show distress, but it more extreme than a secure attachment. They also have uncontrollable tantrums and cries.Reunion Behaviour - Seeking proxmity, goes towards mother and might put hands up. However if mother tries to pick up or show attention to the infant/child, it would push and resist the mother.
Stranger Anxiety - They resist any type of comfort from both their caregiver and stranger. They also have extreme distress (more to stranger - may bite, scream and cry) - 10Strengths and Weaknesses of Ainsworth Study; Results arent very reliable due to they only used american children and mothers so its ethnocentric - Meaning it cant be generalised to other cultures. The experiment is valid because what she was claiming and measuring, she found them and was able to back herself up.The study is conducted in a lab setting, meaning it is an unfamiliar setting for both the mother and baby and this can be stressful and give false results.
The mother may also act differently due to being watched by researchers. - 11Two types of cultures; Collectivist - Emphasis on cooperation and compliance. Individualistic - Emphasis an independence and individual achievement.Kibbutz - Sub community in Israel. (Collectivist)
The people that live here all have the same house - so no variation.
They all have to wait for things they dont have or need new things - they have waiting lists for everything.
Children dont live with parents - they live with a nanny and see their parents only 1 -2 hours a day.
- They vote for any decisions that has to be made.
- Everyone has their own job and are responsible for their community. - 12Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) They studied groups of infants from 8 different countries. All 32 studies used the strange situation method to study attachment. Using a meta analysis - they calculated the average percentage for the different attachments styles in each country.(A = Avoidant, B = Secure, C = Resistant)
China, A=25%, B=50%, C=25%
Sweden, A=21%, B=75% C=4%
UK, A=22%, B=75%, C=3%
Japan, A=5%, B=68%, C=27%
Israel, A=7%, B=64%, C=29%
Germany, A=35%, B=57%, C=8%
Netherlands, A=26%, B=67%, C=7%
USA, A=21%, B=65%, C=14% - 13Takahashi (1990) - Japanese Strange Situation Insecure Resistant - 32%. Japanese infants spend almost 100% of their time in contact with their mothers for the first 2 years. (When separated from mother they become extremely distressed - this is why they are recorded as being insecure resistant) They get extreme separation anxiety.Insecure Avoidant - 0%
The mother spends so much time with the children meaning that they have a good relationship.
In Japanese culture, it is seen as impolite to avoid interacting with other people - meaning they learn to always realise someone is there. - 14Continuity Hypothesis; The idea that infant attachment will influence adult relationships.Montropy; The idea that infant attachments are only made to one attachment figure.
- 15Hazan & Shaver They wanted to see how childhood attachment affects adulthood relationships. They obtained this information by advertising a 'love quiz' in a newspaper. They categorized participants into attachments types by using a checklist.They then analysed the questionnaire to find out about adult relationships.
The participants received the questionnaire through the past. - 16Problems with the study/method by Hazan & Shaver - The checklist is on infant behaviour, meaning they may not remember clearly when they were that young. - They could easily lie about childhood (social desirability, not accurate enough) - "Love Quiz" name is more likely to attract more girls than boys, it also sounds casual so people may not take it seriously.- Postal, they may not send it back meaning it would cause subject attrition. Sample would become smaller.
- Not generalisable, this is because it is an advert in a newspaper so will only attract certain people and there isnt enough samples.
- Demand characteristic, clues that are given and they may predict what going to happened.
Informações
- Descrição
- FlashCards sobre Psychology, criado por ashleighlouisa em 17-03-2015.
- Criado por
- ashleighlouisa
- Visualizações
- 0
- Avaliação