Flashcards
Learning- Lecture 6
Flashcards do conjunto (24)
- 1LearningChange in thoughts or behaviours due
to experience, study, or practice
• Nervous system plasticity
• Forming or changing connections between neurons - 2HabituationResponses to the same stimulus
decrease over time
• I.e., getting used to something
• Habituation in Aplysia sea slug - 3Classical ConditioningUnconditioned Stimulus (US)
• Dog food
• Produces a reflexive response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
• Saliva: natural reaction
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Metronome (originally neutral)
Conditioned Response (CR)
• Saliva: a natural reaction that
occurs due to the CS - 4Can you match up the variables with the conditioning terms?
- 5What are the stages of Classical Conditioning?Acquisition
Extinction
Sponataneous recovery - 6Acquisition (Conditioning)Initial learning phase
• Depends on --
• Frequency: how often CS is paired
with UCS
• Timing: time duration between CS
and UCS - 7Extinction (Conditioning)Elimination of the CR
• CS unpaired with US - 8Sponataneous recovery (conditioning)Sudden emergence of the CR after
extinction - 9What is stimulus generalization?Stimuli similar to CS will elicit a CR
• E.g., Dog salivating to both a bell
AND the door bell
• Quick learning - 10What is stimulus discrimination?CR specific to one stimulus, but not
others
• E.g., Dog salivating to only the
bell but NOT clock chimes
• Effective learning - 11Difference between classical and operant conditioning?Classical- associate an involuntary response with a stimulus
Operant- associate a voluntary behaviour with a consequence
- 12Law of EffectProposed by E.L. Thorndike, early 20th C.
• Learning is controlled by consequences
• Behavior --> good result --> increase probability of behaviour
• Behavior --> bad result --> decrease probability of behaviour - 13Reinforcement vs. Punishmentreinforcement- increases behaviour
• Allowed extra time for video
games for good behaviour
punishment- decreases behaviour
• Take away video games for
misbehaving in public
- it's about the response - 14Positive vs. NegativePositive: add stimulus
Negative: remove stimulus
• It’s about the stimulus
- 15How reinforcement in operant conditioning worksChild behaves well – you want to reinforce this behaviour
Give child a treat or toy so they keep behaving well
Positive reinforcement
Take away chores so they keep behaving well - 16How punishment in operant conditioning worksChild misbehaves – you want to punish this behaviour
Yell at the child so they stop misbehaving
Positive punishment
Take away video games so they stop misbehaving
Negative punishment - 17Example of positive reinforcementYou earn a raise at work because your performance was excellent
Stimulus: raise
Behaviour: good work performance - 18Example of negative punishmentDuring the early part of the pandemic, the City of Toronto taped up playground equipment because parents still let their children play on it despite health guidelines
-Stimulus: playground equipment
-Behaviour: disregarding health guidelines - 19Example of positive punishmentYou take your dog to the park, which has a leash law, but no one has ever bothered you before about it. When you unleash your dog, a City by-law officer comes up and gives you a citation for violating the law.
Stimulus: citation
Behaviour: dog off of leash
$365 fine – what type of punishment? - 20Operant v. Conditional graphic
- 21Latent learningLearning that isn’t directly observable.
• Reinforcement not needed - 22Observational learningBandura’s Social Learning Theory
• Learn by watching people
• Children learn by watching “models”
• Other people (e.g., adults) doing
behaviours
• Bobo doll experiment
• Child does what the ‘model’ does - 23Four parts of social learning- Attention
• Retention
• Initiation or Reproduction
• Motivation
- 24—
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- Psychology FlashCards sobre Learning- Lecture 6, criado por Cassidy Roy em 10-11-2022.
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- Cassidy Roy
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