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Flashcards

Intelligence

lolly snhty Psychology Inglês 72 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (72)

  1. 1intelligencept. 1 intelligence
  2. 2what is 'g'the general intelligence factor
  3. 3who first introduced 'g'Spearman, 1904
  4. 4why was 'g' believed to existas it had been shown that performance in multiple tests correlated
  5. 5what is Gardeners (1983) multiple intelligences theorythere are different types of intelligence, good at some and bad at others
  6. 6what is the WAISWeschler's (1981) adult intelligence scale
    an IQ test testing a wise range of mental functions - 4 groups = verbal comprehension, perceptual organisation, processing speed, working memory
  7. 7how was intelligence measured with the WAIS2450 people tested, 13 tests in an hour, 78 correlations, all pos correlations of around 0.5 (highest = vocab and info = 0.8, lowest = picture completion and digit span = 0.3)
  8. 8what are pools of mental abilitythere are types of intelligence that are similar and fall into a pool where those good and one in the pool are likely to be good the others
  9. 9why may tests not be the best measuretests do not necessarily equate to things in the human mind, not a model of brain, 4 WAIS groups and 'g' optimal way to represent statistical associations
  10. 10what is the Carroll (1993) three-stratum theory of intelligencegeneral intelligence, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence
  11. 11the genetic and environmental basis of intelligencept. 2 intelligence
  12. 12what are genome wide association studoes (GWAS)tests for associations between phenotypes and genetic variants in large groups of unrelated individuals
  13. 13what did the first wave of GWAS studies showfor intelligence studies, mostly non-replicable results despite large samples, intelligence now seen as polygenic
  14. 14what is a polygenea gene whose individual effect on a phenotype is too small to be observed but can act together with others to be observable
  15. 15what is phenylketonuria (PKU)a single effect gene, an intellectual disability, caused by a lack of chemical tyrosine which is coded by a single gene so, problem with a single gene can impair intelligence
  16. 16how many genes are thought to be implicated in intellignece1041 (Savage et al., 2018)
  17. 17what is the overall single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) heritability reported to bereported in recent GWAS was around 20-21%
  18. 18what is the influence of the environment on intelligencearound 50%, shared environment has little effect, unique factors make a bigger contribution
  19. 19what can prevent the expression of genesepigenetic mechanisms (like social economic status)
  20. 20what is the heritability on twinsaverage correlation on the WAIS = 0.69, identical twins reared together = 0.88
  21. 21how useful is IQpt.3 intelligence
  22. 22why was IQ testing introducedit was believed previous testing procedures were a waste of time
  23. 23who developed IQ testingBinet and Simon (1908, 1911)
  24. 24what was part of the first the first IQ testsknow steps to complete a task, adapting strategy during tasks, monitor performance, used verbal and social comprehension measures, each test designed for a specific age
  25. 25what was mental agethe highest age at which a child performed in the IQ tests
  26. 26what did Stern suggestusing ratio IQ instead of mental age (mental age divided by actual age)
  27. 27how did Terman (1916) develop thismultiplying the ratio IQ by 100 - which is the measure we use today
  28. 28what did Weschler (1939) introduceda test based on testing in the army, completing a drawing or arranging blocks into a pattern - WAIS created (now timed)
  29. 29what is general cognitive abilitymeasured by psychometric tests (g and IQ) - most important predictor of academic success (Dreary et al., 2007)
  30. 30what predicts academic achievement more than IQ testingmeasure of self perceived ability (SPA) which is genetically determined (Greven et al., 2009)
  31. 31how much does IQ account for in variance of academic performancerarely accounts for more than 50%
  32. 32what is the clinical use of the WAISused by clinicians as a cognitive profile tests, what a person can or can't do as a result of their condition
  33. 33how is IQ and success linkedthe higher IQ, more education you get, more money earnt, longer you live
  34. 34why is IQ not a complete assessment of cognitive abilityafter 115 on the IQ scale, relationship seems to break (Jensen, 1980), some people with high IQ aren't successful, some are just better at the type of thinking needed for an IQ test
  35. 35are IQ scores stablein practice, vary as much as 15 from one session to the next
  36. 36what do intelligence tests misspt. 4 intelligence
  37. 37who developed idea of convergent vs divergent thinkingHudson, 1966
  38. 38what is convergent thinkinghigh IQ, considered a prodigy, comes up with logical answers, no ambiguity
  39. 39what is divergent thinkinglower IQ, don't straight away go to logical/common answers, think differently, explore many possible solution
  40. 40what did Stanovich (2009) find IQ tests do assesshow well a person can hold beliefs in the STM and manipulate those beliefs, how efficiently they can process provided information, the ability to focus on an immediate goal when distracted
  41. 41what did he find IQ tests do not assessif someone has the tendency to develop rational goals, if they are a critical assessor of info as it is gathered in the environment, if they have the tendency to form rational beliefs when presented with evidence
  42. 42what is the dual-process theorysays humans have two systems for thinking - used to explain how people think
  43. 43what is type 1 in the throyan autonomous mind with few individual differences = heuristic processing, fast acting, little load on attention, not dependent on high-level control mechanisms (face recognition, word recognition, depth perception)
  44. 44what is type 2algorithmic mind, tapped by intelligence tests = slow, serial, controlled processing, rule based, oversees type 1 (conscious problem solving, fairness judgement, financial decisions)
  45. 45what is the third typereflective mind = questions goals of systems computations (type 2), beliefs, goal prioritisation, cognitive styles/thinking dispositions (superstitious thinking, stereotypes).
  46. 46what is crystallised intelligence (gc)learned procedures and knowledge
  47. 47what is fluid intelligence (gf)the ability to solve novel reasoning problems (comprehension, problem solving, learning)
  48. 48what does it take to be rationalhaving a good reflective mind and algorithmic mind - override and stimulation are important operations
  49. 49what is dysrationaliasomeone within typical IQ range that acts irrationally
  50. 50what happens when we approach a problemwe can choose between several cog mechanisms to help,
    some have more power but are require concentration and are slow
    others are low in power but are fast and require little concentration
  51. 51what do human tend to choosethe latter, fast and little concentration
  52. 52why do we do this (cognitive misers)we are evolved to increase reproductive fitness of genes, not rationality
    to be accurate requires energy, memory and attention which evolution does not care about, only reproductiveness
  53. 53what is mindwarerules, data, procedures, strategies, and other cognitive tools that are retrieved from memory to think rationally
  54. 54what is the mindware gapthe absence of this knowledge
  55. 55what is contaminated mindwarewhen a persons mindware does not lend itself to rationality - even if they don't lack knowledge
  56. 56what did Stanovich attempt to foseparate intelligence and rationality, cut intelligence down to size
  57. 57the frontal lobes and intelligence ecpt.5 intelligence
  58. 58what did Duncan (2005) argue about the frontal lobesthe frontal lobes house or are the neural substrate of 'g'
  59. 59what is the traditional view of frontal lobes and intelligencethe frontal lobes and g are unrelated as frontal lobe damage did not have severe effects on 'g'.
  60. 60what is the criticism of this viewsome tests of intelligence are dependent on frontal lobe integrity
    Duncan et al showed frontal lobe deficits influence fluid intelligence, not crystallised
  61. 61what is it suggested that high g tests dohigh g tasks tap a more diverse set of cognitive functions, requiring coordination of diverse functions in working memory (housed in the frontal lobes) so, high g tasks should produce activation in diverse brain areas
  62. 62what did Woolgar et al (2010) findtested 80 patients with focal lesions - fluid intelligence only impaired when one of a few restricted regions were lesioned
  63. 63what is goal neglectdisregard of a task requirement even if it has been understood - more likely in those at lower end of 'g' spectrum
  64. 64how is it connected to 'g' and the frontal lobesfrontal lobe lesion patients often show chaotic, unplanned behaviour, as if reaching a goal slips their mind, problem of goal weighting
  65. 65what does crystallised intelligence rely onverbal ability and depends more on the cortical structure and thickness in lateral of temporal lobes and temporal pole
  66. 66what is the function of the temporal lobethought to be responsible for integrating diverse semantic info from distinct brain regions
  67. 67define algorithmic mindindividual differences in fluid intelligence
  68. 68define reflective nindindividual differences in rational thinking dispositions/crystallised intelligence
  69. 69define autonomous mindfew continuous individual differences
  70. 70what is the role of emotion insuccessemotion is important in decision making - constrains choices we can make
    emotional signals from the viscera act as 'somatic markers' important in decision making
  71. 71what is emotional dysrationalitynot about beliefs or thinking dispositions, to an extent like a mindware gap, lack of behavioural regulation from autonomous mind to algorithmic mind leading to a combinatorial explosion of possibilties, equally probable in high and low IQ
  72. 72example of goal neglectperseveration = incorrect strategies continued even though the patients state they should be abandoned

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Psychology FlashCards sobre Intelligence, criado por lolly snhty em 15-01-2023.
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lolly snhty
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