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Flashcards

immuno t3

A D Immunology Bachelors Degree Inglês 97 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (97)

  1. 1CD3 is composed of which 4 subunits?gamma (1), delta (1), epsilon (2), zeta (2)
  2. 2CD3 provides signalling features known asITAMs
  3. 3For optimal interaction of TCR with MHC complex, we requireCD4/CD8 coreceptors
  4. 4CD4 binds to which domain on which MHC?Binds to MHC2 on beta-2 domain
  5. 5CD8 binds to which domain on which MHC?Binds to MHC1 on alpha 3 domain
  6. 6What are the 2 ways for a cell to die?necrosis and apoptosis
  7. 7How does activated CD8 T cells induce apoptosis?1) cytotoxic granules (perforin and granzyme)
    2) Death ligands (FasL and TRAIL expressed on T cells)
  8. 8Describe a naive T cell-Freshly emerged from thymus
    -limited functionality (can't do much even when put on target cell)
  9. 9Where are naive T cells activated?Lymphoid tissues (usually lymph nodes)
  10. 10What is priming?The process of activating effector function in naive T cells
  11. 11What are naive T cells primed by?APCs (typically DC are the best known APCs)
  12. 12T cells enter lymph node cortex from the blood via?High endothelial venules (HEV)
  13. 13What happens to T cells once activated by antigen presented by DC?-start to proliferate
    -lose ability to exit the lymph node
  14. 14What is signal 1?TCR binding to MHC/peptide
  15. 15What is signal 2?Costimulatory receptor binding of costimulatory lignads
  16. 16Costimulation is provided by proteins termed ___ expressed on ___1) costimulatory ligands
    2) APCs
  17. 17Co stimulatory ligands are bound by _____ on ____1) Costimulatory receptors
    2) T cells
  18. 18What triggers dendritic cells to upregulate costimulatory ligands?PAMPs/DAMPs/inflammatory cytokines
  19. 19What is the co-stimulatory receptor?CD28
  20. 20What is the co-inhibitory receptor?CTLA-4
  21. 21CD28 and CTLA4 compete for the costimulatory molecules...CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2)
  22. 22When are CD28 and CTLA4 expressed?-CD28 expressed on resting naive T cells
    -CTLA induced upon T cell activation
  23. 23What is a cytokine?Small proteins made by a cell that affects the behaviours of other cells
  24. 24What is a interleukin?Cytokines that are produced by leukocytes
  25. 25Where do signal 1,2 and 3 come from?Signal 1 and 2 come from APC
    Signal 3 from CD4 T cell
  26. 26What does Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh and T reg cells do?Th-1 helps macrophages mature
    Th-2 helps differentiate B cells to plasma/memory cells
    Th17 helps with neutrophils
    Tfh helps with isotype switching and affinity maturation
    Treg helps with suppression of T cell activation
  27. 27What cytokines are secreted by Th1, Th2 and Th17?Th1-IFNgamma, IL2
    TH2-IL4, IL5, IL13
    TH17-Il17, IL6
  28. 28What cytokines are secreted by T reg cells and Tfh cells?Treg: TGFbeta, IL10
    Tfh: IL21, ICOS
  29. 29What transcription factor is needed to induce Treg and Tfh?Treg: FoxP3
    Tfh: Bcl6
  30. 30What transcription factor is needed to induce TH1, Th2, and Th17Th1: T bet
    Th2: GATA3
    Th17: ROR-gamma-T
  31. 31What cytokine in the microenvironment induces T reg and Tfh?T reg: TGF-beta
    Tfh: IL6
  32. 32What cytokine in the microenvironment induces Th1, Th2, Th17?Th1: IL12, IFN-gamma
    Th2: IL4
    TH17: TGFbeta, IL6
  33. 33The presence of PAMPs in the local environment can shift T cells from ____ to ____. The result is an ________ ____ and possibly, _______T reg --> Th17
    autoreactive Th17--> autoimmune disease
  34. 34The development of Th1 responses to antigens in the environment results inno discernible effect
  35. 35The development of Th2 responses to antigens in the environment results inAllergy and asthma
  36. 36Aside from self antigen, peripheral tolerance also protects againstantigens in the intestine (food antigens and microbial antigens)
  37. 37Where do T regs come from?1) Development in the thymus
    2) Development in the periphery
  38. 38What are 4 ways in which T ref can shut down effector T cells?1) inhibitory cytokines
    2) cytolysis
    3) metabolic disruption
    d) targeting dendritic cells
  39. 39What is degeneracy?1 T cell can see more than 1 peptide
  40. 40Each T cell has ___ loci for TCRalpha and TCRbeta2
  41. 41An estimated ___% of peripheral T cells express 2 TCRs30
  42. 42__%-___% of activated T cells die by ___ during _____ phase70-90%, apoptosis, contraction
  43. 43Stimulation of APC through CD40 increases expression of ___ and ____B7 and 4IBBL
  44. 44___ produced by the CD4T cell is critical to sustain CD8 T cell proliferationIl2
  45. 45Name 2 ways in which antibodies can combat infection1) neutralization
    2) opsonization
  46. 46What is the purpose of a plasma cell?To produce antibodies
  47. 47What are the first 3 phases of B cell development?1) VDJ recomb
    2) Negative selection
    3) Positive selection
    *At this point, the B cell is mature but still naive
  48. 48What are phases 4-6 of B cell development4) Circulation between lymph, blood and secondary lymphoid tissue (searching for infection)
    5) Activation and clonal expansion of B cells (finding infection)
    6) Differentiating to plasma cell or memory B cells (attacking infection)
  49. 49Where does phase 1-3 occur?Bone marrow
  50. 50Where does phase 4-6 occur?secondary lymphoid tissues
  51. 51What occurs during the early pro-B cell stage?Heavy chain, DJ rearrangement
  52. 52WHat occurs during the late pro-B cell stage?Heavy chain-V-Dj rearrangement
  53. 53What happens during pre-B cell stage?Light chain - kappa and lambda rearrangement
  54. 54How can you distinguish a pre-B cell receptor from a B cell receptorIn pre B cell receptor, there is no kappa or lambda Ig light chain. Instead there is a surrogate light chain composed of VpreB and lambda5 polypeptides
  55. 55What is allelic exclusion?Only one gene of the two parental chromosomes is expressed (light and heavy chain)
  56. 56What is isotypic exclusion?Only one light chain from the four different light chain loci is expressed (two kappa, 2 lambda)
  57. 57Is an immature B cell reacts with a self antigen, what happens?-It is retained in the bone marrow
    -light chain genes continue rearranging
    -if new receptors are still self-reactive, apoptosis. If not self reactive, leaves bone marrow and expresses IgM and IgD
  58. 58B cells circulating in the blood enter the lymph node through thehigh endothelial venule (HEV)
  59. 59If B cells do not encounter their specific antigen in the primary follicle, they leave the lymph node via theeffererent lymphatic vessel
  60. 60What chemokine attracts immature B cells to HEV?Chemokine CCL21
  61. 61What chemokine attracts B cell into lymph node?Chemokine CCL21 and CCL19
  62. 62What chemokine attracts B cells into primary follicles?CXCL13
  63. 63Interaction with what 2 things drive maturation of immature B cells and positive selection?Follicular dendritic cells
    B-cell activating factor (BAFF)
  64. 64Which B cell subtype is required for T cell help?B-2 cell
  65. 65Which B cell subtype has memory?B-2 subtype
  66. 66What type of antibody does B-1 cell secrete more?IgM
  67. 67What type of antibody does B-2 cells produce more?IgG
  68. 68Which B cell isotype is produced in the fetus?B-1 cells
  69. 69Which B cell isotype has a diverse V region repertoire?B-2 cells
  70. 70Which B cell isotype hasB-1 cells
  71. 71Where is the primary location where B-1 cells reside?Peritoneal and pleural cavities
  72. 72Where is the primary location that B-2 cells reside?Secondary lymphoid organs
  73. 73What are the 4 characteristics of thymus-independent antigens1) They are carbohydrates
    2) No T cell help
    3) Little isotype switching (mostly IgM)
    4) Little somatic hypermutation
  74. 74TI-1 Antigens are poor inducers of1) Isotype switching
    2) Affinity maturation
    3) Memory B cells
  75. 75TI-1 Antigens containB cell Mitogens such as LPS
  76. 76What are mitogens?Any substance that causes cells to begin division (mitosis). So allows B cells to undergo cell division
  77. 77TI-1 Antigens predominantly make what type of antibodies?IgM
  78. 78What's the difference between TI-1 and TI-2 antigens?TI-2 are highly repetitive structures and contain no mitogens. They activate B cells by cross-linking.
  79. 79What is the most abundant antibody in circulation?IgG
  80. 80Which antibody is the most frequently produced?IgA
  81. 81What are 2 characteristics of Thymus-dependent antigens?1) They are proteins
    2) They require T cell help
  82. 82True or false: thymus dependent antigens can be carbohydratesTrue
  83. 83What type of CD4 T cell helps the B-2 cell?T follicular helper cell
  84. 84What are the 3 processes associated with conventional B-2 cells?1) Affinity maturation
    2) Isotype switching
    3) Maturation into plasma cells or memory B cells
  85. 85What does isotype switching produce?Immunoglobulins with different constant regions
  86. 86What is the first class of antibody made in a primary immune response?IgM
  87. 87Which enzyme is critical for isotype switching as well as somatic hypermutation?AID, nicks switch region, marking it for looping
  88. 88What is somatic hypermutation?Intruducing point mutations almost randomly and at high rate thoughout the rearranged V regions of heavy and light chains genes.
  89. 89How do conjugate vaccines work?B cell recognizes
  90. 90What type of B cell binds for conjugated vaccine?B2-needs memory
  91. 91What happens when there is a lack of AID?Hyper IgM immunodeficiency
  92. 92CD40 is a member of which family?TNF alpha
  93. 93What happens when there is a lack of CD40 ligand?Hyper IgM immunodeficiency (because CD40 is required for isotype switching)
  94. 94Where do B and T cells meet?At the interface between the lymphoid follicle and T cell rich area. They both acquire antigens at different sites and then congregate together
  95. 95Where do T cells get their antigens fromDendritic cells bring them to the lymph node
  96. 96Where do follicular dendritic cells get their antigensThere are bacterial components that passively diffuse into the lymph nodes
  97. 97Where does affinity maturation and isotype switching occur?Germinal center in primary follicle

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Bachelors Degree Immunology FlashCards sobre immuno t3, criado por A D em 09-11-2015.
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A D
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