Fichas
immuno t3
Fichas del conjunto (97)
- 1CD3 is composed of which 4 subunits?gamma (1), delta (1), epsilon (2), zeta (2)
- 2CD3 provides signalling features known asITAMs
- 3For optimal interaction of TCR with MHC complex, we requireCD4/CD8 coreceptors
- 4CD4 binds to which domain on which MHC?Binds to MHC2 on beta-2 domain
- 5CD8 binds to which domain on which MHC?Binds to MHC1 on alpha 3 domain
- 6What are the 2 ways for a cell to die?necrosis and apoptosis
- 7How does activated CD8 T cells induce apoptosis?1) cytotoxic granules (perforin and granzyme)
2) Death ligands (FasL and TRAIL expressed on T cells) - 8Describe a naive T cell-Freshly emerged from thymus
-limited functionality (can't do much even when put on target cell) - 9Where are naive T cells activated?Lymphoid tissues (usually lymph nodes)
- 10What is priming?The process of activating effector function in naive T cells
- 11What are naive T cells primed by?APCs (typically DC are the best known APCs)
- 12T cells enter lymph node cortex from the blood via?High endothelial venules (HEV)
- 13What happens to T cells once activated by antigen presented by DC?-start to proliferate
-lose ability to exit the lymph node - 14What is signal 1?TCR binding to MHC/peptide
- 15What is signal 2?Costimulatory receptor binding of costimulatory lignads
- 16Costimulation is provided by proteins termed ___ expressed on ___1) costimulatory ligands
2) APCs - 17Co stimulatory ligands are bound by _____ on ____1) Costimulatory receptors
2) T cells - 18What triggers dendritic cells to upregulate costimulatory ligands?PAMPs/DAMPs/inflammatory cytokines
- 19What is the co-stimulatory receptor?CD28
- 20What is the co-inhibitory receptor?CTLA-4
- 21CD28 and CTLA4 compete for the costimulatory molecules...CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2)
- 22When are CD28 and CTLA4 expressed?-CD28 expressed on resting naive T cells
-CTLA induced upon T cell activation - 23What is a cytokine?Small proteins made by a cell that affects the behaviours of other cells
- 24What is a interleukin?Cytokines that are produced by leukocytes
- 25Where do signal 1,2 and 3 come from?Signal 1 and 2 come from APC
Signal 3 from CD4 T cell - 26What does Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh and T reg cells do?Th-1 helps macrophages mature
Th-2 helps differentiate B cells to plasma/memory cells
Th17 helps with neutrophils
Tfh helps with isotype switching and affinity maturation
Treg helps with suppression of T cell activation - 27What cytokines are secreted by Th1, Th2 and Th17?Th1-IFNgamma, IL2
TH2-IL4, IL5, IL13
TH17-Il17, IL6 - 28What cytokines are secreted by T reg cells and Tfh cells?Treg: TGFbeta, IL10
Tfh: IL21, ICOS - 29What transcription factor is needed to induce Treg and Tfh?Treg: FoxP3
Tfh: Bcl6 - 30What transcription factor is needed to induce TH1, Th2, and Th17Th1: T bet
Th2: GATA3
Th17: ROR-gamma-T - 31What cytokine in the microenvironment induces T reg and Tfh?T reg: TGF-beta
Tfh: IL6 - 32What cytokine in the microenvironment induces Th1, Th2, Th17?Th1: IL12, IFN-gamma
Th2: IL4
TH17: TGFbeta, IL6 - 33The presence of PAMPs in the local environment can shift T cells from ____ to ____. The result is an ________ ____ and possibly, _______T reg --> Th17
autoreactive Th17--> autoimmune disease - 34The development of Th1 responses to antigens in the environment results inno discernible effect
- 35The development of Th2 responses to antigens in the environment results inAllergy and asthma
- 36Aside from self antigen, peripheral tolerance also protects againstantigens in the intestine (food antigens and microbial antigens)
- 37Where do T regs come from?1) Development in the thymus
2) Development in the periphery - 38What are 4 ways in which T ref can shut down effector T cells?1) inhibitory cytokines
2) cytolysis
3) metabolic disruption
d) targeting dendritic cells - 39What is degeneracy?1 T cell can see more than 1 peptide
- 40Each T cell has ___ loci for TCRalpha and TCRbeta2
- 41An estimated ___% of peripheral T cells express 2 TCRs30
- 42__%-___% of activated T cells die by ___ during _____ phase70-90%, apoptosis, contraction
- 43Stimulation of APC through CD40 increases expression of ___ and ____B7 and 4IBBL
- 44___ produced by the CD4T cell is critical to sustain CD8 T cell proliferationIl2
- 45Name 2 ways in which antibodies can combat infection1) neutralization
2) opsonization - 46What is the purpose of a plasma cell?To produce antibodies
- 47What are the first 3 phases of B cell development?1) VDJ recomb
2) Negative selection
3) Positive selection
*At this point, the B cell is mature but still naive - 48What are phases 4-6 of B cell development4) Circulation between lymph, blood and secondary lymphoid tissue (searching for infection)
5) Activation and clonal expansion of B cells (finding infection)
6) Differentiating to plasma cell or memory B cells (attacking infection) - 49Where does phase 1-3 occur?Bone marrow
- 50Where does phase 4-6 occur?secondary lymphoid tissues
- 51What occurs during the early pro-B cell stage?Heavy chain, DJ rearrangement
- 52WHat occurs during the late pro-B cell stage?Heavy chain-V-Dj rearrangement
- 53What happens during pre-B cell stage?Light chain - kappa and lambda rearrangement
- 54How can you distinguish a pre-B cell receptor from a B cell receptorIn pre B cell receptor, there is no kappa or lambda Ig light chain. Instead there is a surrogate light chain composed of VpreB and lambda5 polypeptides
- 55What is allelic exclusion?Only one gene of the two parental chromosomes is expressed (light and heavy chain)
- 56What is isotypic exclusion?Only one light chain from the four different light chain loci is expressed (two kappa, 2 lambda)
- 57Is an immature B cell reacts with a self antigen, what happens?-It is retained in the bone marrow
-light chain genes continue rearranging
-if new receptors are still self-reactive, apoptosis. If not self reactive, leaves bone marrow and expresses IgM and IgD - 58B cells circulating in the blood enter the lymph node through thehigh endothelial venule (HEV)
- 59If B cells do not encounter their specific antigen in the primary follicle, they leave the lymph node via theeffererent lymphatic vessel
- 60What chemokine attracts immature B cells to HEV?Chemokine CCL21
- 61What chemokine attracts B cell into lymph node?Chemokine CCL21 and CCL19
- 62What chemokine attracts B cells into primary follicles?CXCL13
- 63Interaction with what 2 things drive maturation of immature B cells and positive selection?Follicular dendritic cells
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) - 64Which B cell subtype is required for T cell help?B-2 cell
- 65Which B cell subtype has memory?B-2 subtype
- 66What type of antibody does B-1 cell secrete more?IgM
- 67What type of antibody does B-2 cells produce more?IgG
- 68Which B cell isotype is produced in the fetus?B-1 cells
- 69Which B cell isotype has a diverse V region repertoire?B-2 cells
- 70Which B cell isotype hasB-1 cells
- 71Where is the primary location where B-1 cells reside?Peritoneal and pleural cavities
- 72Where is the primary location that B-2 cells reside?Secondary lymphoid organs
- 73What are the 4 characteristics of thymus-independent antigens1) They are carbohydrates
2) No T cell help
3) Little isotype switching (mostly IgM)
4) Little somatic hypermutation - 74TI-1 Antigens are poor inducers of1) Isotype switching
2) Affinity maturation
3) Memory B cells - 75TI-1 Antigens containB cell Mitogens such as LPS
- 76What are mitogens?Any substance that causes cells to begin division (mitosis). So allows B cells to undergo cell division
- 77TI-1 Antigens predominantly make what type of antibodies?IgM
- 78What's the difference between TI-1 and TI-2 antigens?TI-2 are highly repetitive structures and contain no mitogens. They activate B cells by cross-linking.
- 79What is the most abundant antibody in circulation?IgG
- 80Which antibody is the most frequently produced?IgA
- 81What are 2 characteristics of Thymus-dependent antigens?1) They are proteins
2) They require T cell help - 82True or false: thymus dependent antigens can be carbohydratesTrue
- 83What type of CD4 T cell helps the B-2 cell?T follicular helper cell
- 84What are the 3 processes associated with conventional B-2 cells?1) Affinity maturation
2) Isotype switching
3) Maturation into plasma cells or memory B cells - 85What does isotype switching produce?Immunoglobulins with different constant regions
- 86What is the first class of antibody made in a primary immune response?IgM
- 87Which enzyme is critical for isotype switching as well as somatic hypermutation?AID, nicks switch region, marking it for looping
- 88What is somatic hypermutation?Intruducing point mutations almost randomly and at high rate thoughout the rearranged V regions of heavy and light chains genes.
- 89How do conjugate vaccines work?B cell recognizes
- 90What type of B cell binds for conjugated vaccine?B2-needs memory
- 91What happens when there is a lack of AID?Hyper IgM immunodeficiency
- 92CD40 is a member of which family?TNF alpha
- 93What happens when there is a lack of CD40 ligand?Hyper IgM immunodeficiency (because CD40 is required for isotype switching)
- 94Where do B and T cells meet?At the interface between the lymphoid follicle and T cell rich area. They both acquire antigens at different sites and then congregate together
- 95Where do T cells get their antigens fromDendritic cells bring them to the lymph node
- 96Where do follicular dendritic cells get their antigensThere are bacterial components that passively diffuse into the lymph nodes
- 97Where does affinity maturation and isotype switching occur?Germinal center in primary follicle
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- Bachelors Degree Immunology Fichas sobre immuno t3, creado por A D el 09/11/2015.
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- A D
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