Flashcards
Chapter 7 Key Terms
Flashcards do conjunto (40)
- 1LearningThe acquisition of the new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
- 2HabituationA general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
- 3SensitizationPresentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus
- 4Classical ConditioningA type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response
- 5Unconditioned StimulusSomething that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
- 6Unconditioned ResponseA reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
- 7Conditioned StimulusA previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US
- 8Conditioned ResponseA reaction that resembles a UR but is produced by a CS
- 9AcquisitionThe phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
- 10Second-order ConditioningConditioning where a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure
- 11ExtinctionThe gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US
- 12Spontaneous RecoveryThe tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
- 13GeneralizationThe CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition
- 14DiscriminationThe capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
- 15Biological PreparednessA propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
- 16Operant ConditioningA type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
- 17Law of EffectBehaviors that are followed by "a satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated
- 18Operant BehaviorBehavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
- 19ReinforcerAny stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
- 20PunisherAny stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
- 21Fixed-Interval ScheduleAn operant conditioning principle in which reinforcers are presented at fixed-time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.
ex) morphine drip - 22Variable-Interval ScheduleAn operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement.
ex) checking a babies diaper - 23Fixed-Ratio ScheduleAn operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of response have been made.
ex) coke machines - 24Variable-Ratio ScheduleAn operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses.
ex) slot machines - 25Intermittent ReinforcementWhen only some of the responses made are following reinforcement
- 26Intermittent Reinforcement EffectThe fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
- 27ShapingLearning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior
- 28Latent LearningSomething is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
- 29Cognitive MapA mental representation of the physical features of the environment
- 30Observational LearningA condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others
- 31Diffusion ChainA process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior
- 32Implicit LearningLearning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
- 33Imprintingis any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior.
- 34Positive ReinforcementAppetitive, and produces (behaviour increases).
- 35Positive PunishmentAversive and produces (behaviour decreases).
- 36Negative ReinforcementAversive and prevents (behaviour increases).
- 37Negative PunishmentAppetitive and prevents (behaviour decreases).
- 38Instinctive DriftLearned behavior tends to gravitate toward natural response despite that the procedure does not change.
ex) Racoons and piggy banks - 39Model's Characteristics (observational learning)1) social status
2) unique physical characteristics
3) unique attitude - 40Observer's Characteristics (observational learning)1) past learning history
2) age
3) sexual arousal
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- Intro Psychology FlashCards sobre Chapter 7 Key Terms, criado por Kristen Plandowski em 15-12-2015.
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- Kristen Plandowski
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