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Flashcards

MEMORY flash cards

Maria Keen Psychology AS level Inglês 81 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (81)

  1. 1What part of memory did Baddeley (1966) come up with?Coding in STM and LTM
  2. 2Explain the research by Baddeley about the coding of STM and LTM...- Asked participants to recall acoustically similar words = "cat" "cab"
    + asked them to do the same with dissimilar words = "pit" "few"
    -Asked participants to recall semantically similar words = "large" "big"
    + asked them to do the same with dissimilar words = "good" "hot"
  3. 3What did Baddeley (1966) find in his rersearch about the coding of STM and LTM?- FOUND
    = immediate recall was worse with acoustically similar words = STM is acoustic.
    = Recall is worse after 20 minutes with semantically similar words = LTM is semantic
  4. 4What did Jacobs (1887) discover in memory?- The capacity of STM
  5. 5Explain Jacobs experiment on the capacity of STM...- Researcher reads 4 digits and asks participant to recall the digits
    -researcher increases number of digits until the participant can't recall order correctly.
  6. 6What did Jacobs find in his experiment on the capacity of STM?-On average participants could recall 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters in order after presentation.
  7. 7What did Miller (1956) discover in memory?- The capacity of STM
  8. 8What did Miller find in his experiment about the capacity of STM?- that the capacity of STM is about 7 (plus or minus 2)
    -can be improved by chunking
  9. 9What did Peterson and Peterson discover in memory?-the duration of STM
  10. 10Explain the experiment by Peterson and Peterson about the duration of STM...-24 students given consonant syllable to remember
    -and a 3 digit number to count backwards for 3, 6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds.
  11. 11What did Peterson and Peterson find in the experiment about the duration of STM?-on average participants recalled about 80% of syllables correct, with 3 second interval.
    - recall after 18 seconds fell to 3%
    =suggests that the duration of STM is about 18 to 30 seconds.
  12. 12What did Bahrick et al discover in memory?- the duration of LTM
  13. 13Explain the experiment by Bahrick et al about the duration of LTM...-392 Americans aged 17-74
    -recognition test on 50 photos from participants high school year book.
    participants list names in their graduating class.
  14. 14What did Bahrick et al find in the experiment about the duration of LTM?-participants tested 48 years after graduation were 70% accurate in photo recognition.
  15. 15What does the Multi Store Model do?- Describes how information flows through the memory system.
  16. 16What are the three stores linked through processing in the multi memory store model?-Sensory register
    -STM
    -LTM
  17. 17What happens in the Sensory Register?-Stimulus from the environment passes through SR and info is taken in by different stores.
  18. 18What is the duration of the SR?-less than half a second
  19. 19What is the capacity of the SR?- high
  20. 20What is the coding of the SR?-Depends on the sense
  21. 21What happens if the information from the SR is paid attention to?- the information is transferred into STM
  22. 22What is the duration of STM?-18-30 seconds unless information is rehearsed
  23. 23What is the capacity of STM?-between 5-9 items before forgetting occurs
  24. 24What is the coding of STM?- Acoustic
  25. 25What happens when the information is rehearsed for long enough?- the information is transferred from STM to LTM.
  26. 26What kind of store is LTM?-permanent
  27. 27Explain the process of RETRIEVALWhen recall information from LTM it has to be transferred back to the STM.
  28. 28What is the duration of LTM?-can be a lifetime
  29. 29What is the capacity of LTM?- potentially unlimited
  30. 30What is the coding of LTM?-semantic
  31. 31Name a strength about the MSM...- it has research showing that STM and LTM are different.
  32. 32Name a limitation about the MSM...-MSM only explains one type of rehearsal.
  33. 33What are the three types of LTM?-episodic
    -semantic
    -procedural
  34. 34What is episodic LTM?-An area in LTM where events from our lives are stored.
    =your first day ar school, your first kiss
  35. 35What is Semantic LTM?-Ana area in LTM where our knowledge of the world is stored.
    - eg= an orange is orange, rain is wet.
  36. 36What is procedural LTM?-An area in LTM where memories of actions or skills are stored (memories of how we do things).
    -eg= driving a car, riding a bike
  37. 37Who came up with the Working Memory model?-Baddley + hitch
  38. 38What is the Working Memory Model a model of?-STM
  39. 39What does the Working Memory Model show?-Shows how STM is organised and how it functions
  40. 40What are the different areas of The Working memory model?-episodic buffer
    - visuo spatial sketchpad
    -LTM
    -Central Executive
    -Phonological loop- 2parts
  41. 41What does the Central executive do?- allocates slave systems
    -has a limited store capacity
  42. 42What does the Phonological Loop do?-deals with auditory information
    -parts into 2 stores
  43. 43What are the two parts in the phonological loop?-Phonological store= stores the words you hear.
    -Articulatory process= allows maintenance rehearsal.
  44. 44What does the visuospatial sketchpad do?- stores visual and spatial information when required.
    -has 2 parts
  45. 45What are the 2 parts in the visuospatial sketchpad?-visual cache= stores visual information
    -Inner scribe= records the arrangement of objects in visual field.
  46. 46What does the episodic buffer do?-integrates information from other stores.
  47. 47name 2 strengths of the Working Memory Model...-The study of KF supports the STM stores.
    -motorcycle accident, cant recall sound but is fine with recalling visual information= there are two different stores for visual and auditory information.
    -Dual task performance shows evidence of the Visual spatial Sketchpad.
  48. 48Name a limitation of the Working Memory Model...-The central executive isn't fully explained.
  49. 49Explain Retrieval failure...- Lack of cues can cause this
    -If cues were not present at learning and at recall you may not be able to access memories.
  50. 50What is Context dependant forgetting?-Memory is dependant on external/environmental cues
    eg= weather, places.
  51. 51What is state-dependant forgetting?-Memory is dependant on internal cues/ state of mind
    eg= feeling upset, being drunk.
  52. 52What is the study linked to state dependant forgetting?-Goodden and Baddeley
    - Divers experiment
  53. 53Explain the study by Goodden and Baddeley for State dependant forgetting...-two states= underwater or on land
    -divers asked to learn a list of words then asked to recall them.
    1= learn on land, recall on land
    2= learn on land, recall underwater
    3= learn underwater, recall on land
    4= learn underwater, recall underwater
  54. 54What was found in the state dependant forgetting experiment?- recall was 40% lower when contexts didn't watch, than when they did.
    Retrieval failure happened when there were not enough external cues.
  55. 55What is proactive interference?- old memory interferes with new memory.
    eg= Teacher has leant lots of names in the past and struggles to remember current class.
  56. 56What is retroactive interference?-When new information interferes with old information
    eg= teacher has learnt new names within the year and struggles to remember her current class.
  57. 57What is response bias explanation?- When the wording of a question has no effect on the memory of an event but affects the kind of answer given.
  58. 58What is substitution explanation?- When the wording of a question effects the eyewitnesses memory.
  59. 59What is the study that supports Leading Questions?-Loftus and Palmer
    - Students watching car accidents and asked questions
  60. 60What are the two examples of leading questions?- Response Bias Explanation
    -Substitution Explanation
  61. 61Explain the research by Loftus and Palmer on Leading questions...- 45 students watch films of car accidents+ answer questions about the speed of the car.
    -each participant given a different verb ("hit", "collided","smashed")
  62. 62What was found in the experiment about leading questions?- The word "contacted" produced an average mean of 31.8mph.
    -The word "smashed" produced an average mean of 40.5mph.
  63. 63Who carried out an experiment on Post Event Discussion?-Gabbert et al
  64. 64Explain the experiment by Gabbert et al about Post Event Discussion...-participants watch video of same crime, both participants discuss what they see in video before individual recall.
  65. 65What was found in the experiment about Post Event Discussion?-71% of participants mistakenly recalled aspects of the events that they didn't see in the video but picked up in the Post Event Discussion.
  66. 66Name a strength of EWT?-it has real life applications
  67. 67Name a limitation of EWT?- There may be individual differences
    -older people less accurate than younger.
  68. 68Who did the experiment on the negative effects of anxiety?-Johnson and Scott
  69. 69Explain the experiment by Johnson and Scott...-Participants wait outside room for lab experiment.
    -hear argument in the next room
    - someone either walks out holding a pen with ink on hands or a knife with blood on hands
    -participants then asked to pick out of 50 people who they thought was the person.
  70. 70What did Johnson and Scott find in their experiment?49% participants with low anxiety could identify man.
    - 33% of participants with high anxiety could identify man.
  71. 71name a limitation of Johnson and scotts experiment...- may test surprise not anxiety
  72. 72What is weapon focus?-When the majority of the particiapnts focus is on the weapon because it is a source of danger/anxiety.
  73. 73Who came up with the experiment of anxiety having a positive effect?-Yuille and Cutshall
  74. 74Explain the experiment by Yuille and Cutshall- set up in real life gun shop
    -21 witnesses
    -12 agreed to take part in study
    -4-5 months after, participants are interviewed.
    -witnesses rate how stressed they felt at the time.
  75. 75What did Yuille and Cutshall find in their experiment?- the participants with the higher levels of stress were less accurate about the events.
  76. 76What Is cognitive interview?- A method of interviewing that helps the eye witness to recall more accurate details about an event.
  77. 77Who claimed that CI would improve interviewing techniques?-Fisher and Gielsman
  78. 78Explain the 4 stages of Cognitive Interview...-Report Everything
    -Reinstate the Context
    -Change the perspective
    -Reverse the Order
  79. 79Name a strength of CT...- Some elements of CI are useful.
  80. 80Name a limitation of CT...-It is time consuming
  81. 81—

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AS level Psychology FlashCards sobre MEMORY flash cards, criado por Maria Keen em 02-05-2017.
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Maria Keen
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