Flashcards
Sentence Processing
Flashcards do conjunto (29)
- 1ParsingSyntactic representation of a sentence. Break up into subject and verb phrase and then broken down into verb and noun phrase.
- 2Psycholinguistic Model of ParsingParsing mechanisms use grammatical knowledge to build phrase structure tree.
Ambiguity - words mean different things or process differently. Parser can see both readings.
Parser can deal with all grammatical sentences of the language they speak.
Performance dependent on way grammatical knowledge is used. - 3Kimball's 7 Principles of ParsingSubject to a number of constraints that reflect a limited processing capacity.
Choose interpretations that minimise processing load. - 4Top Down Principle (K)Start at S node and use phrase structure to predict constituents and backtracks if these predictions are wrong.
Look forward for predictions. - 5Principle of Right Allocation (K)If more than one thing is predicted then parser attaches word to lowest possible node. Favoured interpretation becomes understanding of sentence.
Built to follow attachments that minimise how much we need to remember.
Difficulties when doesn't match and have to reconsider. - 6Principle of Two Sentences (K)Parser is restricted to analysing nodes immediately dominated by two sentence nodes at a time so difficulty when multiple centre-embedded sentences.
Right branching paraphrases of multiple centre embedded centres isn't a problem as not kept open. - 7Principle of Closure and Fixed Structure (K)Parser attempts to close all phrasal nodes as quickly as possible and is resistant to reanalyse them.
- 8Principle of Processing (K)When phrase closes it leaves the working memory to deeper semantic processing which explains why the details of syntactic structure of the sentences are forgotten quickly.
- 9Kimball's Principles EvaluationPrinciples do not always make the right predictions - supposed to reflect limited capacity so could be simpler model.
English speakers interpret first interpretation of simple sentences but right association predicts ones that are unlikely. - 10Frazier and Fodor's Sausage Machine (1978)Same thing as Kimball however without all the principles so is much simpler.
- 112 Stage, Top-Down Parser (S) Preliminary Phrase Packager (PPP)Works out the structure of 6 word sentences.
Sausages of syntactic structure. - 122 Stage, Top-Down Parser (S) Sentence Structure Supervisor (SSS)Assembles structure put together by PPP into an overall phrase marker.
String of sausages. - 13The Principle of Minimal Attachment (S)Parser always tries to make simplest attachments.
Creation of the fewest additional nodes.
Build the simplest tree and don't see more complicated interpretation.
Race between alternative rules and fewest nodes wins the race. - 14Multiple Centre-Embedded Sentences (S)Difficulty is explained through limited working memory capacity - the 6 word viewing window. Can't deal with strings over 6 words.
- 15Right Association by Default (S)Words leave the viewing window so make right associations further on.
Can't see possibility of minimal attachment later on as it has left the viewing window so use right association. - 16Frazier and Fodor's Sausage Machine EvaluationProvides a simpler, two stage model of parsing.
Strong predictions about difficulty of different kinds of sentences.
Wanner (1980) strong predictions are incorrect, multiple centre embedded sentences with 6 words should be easy but more difficult.
Makes clearer predictions that Kimball. - 17The Garden Path ModelAutonomous two stage parser where initial attachments are made purely based on syntactic information, structure is built on grammatical knowledge.
- 18Stage One (GPM)Initial attachments made on principles of minimal attachment and late closure. Minimal attachment is the preference, does it without reference to what the words mean.
- 19Stage Two (GPM)Initial attachments confirmed or revised on basis of semantic and pragmatic information. If preferred interpretation is wrong then go back and review it.
- 20Rayner & Frazier (1987) (GPM)Predicting meaning of sentence one was easy but sentence two with garden path brings problems and reader fixates on particular part of the sentence.
- 21Frazier & Rayner (1982) (GPM)Reading times for sentences with consistent/inconsistent late closure. When minimal association and late closure don't work GPM says carry on reading even if it doesn't make sense.
- 22Ferreira & Clifton (1986) (GPM)Garden path sentence where minimal association was or wasn't semantically anomalous. Eye movement shows both subjects backtrack when they reached the unexpected part of the sentence.
- 23Mitchell (1987) (GPM)Self paced reading times on garden path sentences where later closure reading was or wasn't anomalous. People follow late closure even when it makes no sense. Makes sense to build structure first as it is usually right.
- 24Evaluation of Garden Path ModelCraig & Steedman (1985) no such thing as neutral semantic context. Not minimal attachment we use our natural assumptions.
Relies on arguments from null effects as no findings for semantic/pragmatic manipulations. - 25Constraint Based Model of ParsingSentence interpretation is the product of interactions between multiple constraints and sources of information.
Garden path occurs when the correct analysis of ambiguity receives little activation. - 26Altmann & Steedman (1988) (CBM)Reading times on sentence in context. Follow minimal association when only one object in discussion.
- 27Trueswell, Tanenhaus & Garnsey (1994) (CBM)Reading times for garden paths where animacy/inanimacy of initial noun phrase implied main verb/reduced relative reading.
Garden path predicts people should read as expectation and be surprised. - 28Trueswell, Tanenhaus & Kello (1993) (CBM)Compared self paced reading times and eye movement for garden paths with verbs for which direct object reading was more or less likely. Subjects only garden pathed by sentences they expected to have a certain structure.
- 29Evaluation of Constraint Based ModelSemantic/pragmatic effects may be evidence for interactive model or do they reflect the first stage of processing.
Sometimes prefer a particular interpretation in spite of the preceding semantic and pragmatic context so can't account for all the data.
Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton Eberhard & Sedivy (1995) context not immediately available so eye movements in response to garden paths are in context of visual memory.
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- A Levels Psychology FlashCards sobre Sentence Processing, criado por Ella Kimmings em 16-05-2017.
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- Ella Kimmings
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