Flashcards
RETRIEVAL FAILURE
Flashcards do conjunto (8)
- 1Briefly describe what is meant by retrieval failureForgetting occurs due to a lack of sufficient cues.
Cues are stored at the same time as the memory - 2Outline the Encoding Specificity PrincipleIntroduced by Tulving
Cues help us to retrieve data
Cues that are present at encoding have to be there at retrieval.
If a cue is absent then there will be some forgetting.
Cues can be both meaningful and not - 3Outline one research study that investigated context-dependent forgettingGodden and Baddeley 1975
1. Learn on land - recall on land
2. Learn on land - recall underwater
3. learn underwater - recall underwater
4. learn underwater - recall on land
Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions
The external cues available at learning were different from the ones at recall and this lead to retrieval failure - 4Outline one research study into state-dependent forgettingCarter and Cassaday 1998
Gave antihistamines that made PPTs drowsy which creates an internal physiological state different from a 'normal' state.
1. learn on drug - recall on drug
2. learn on drug - recall when not on it
3. learn not on drug - recall when not on it
4. learn not on drug - recall on drug
Performance on the memory test was significantly worse when there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall
When the cues were absent there was more forgetting - 5Baddeley argues that context effects are not actually strong, especially in real life. Explain this and what it means for the theoryStudies use contexts that are very different.
In real life contexts are never going to be that different.
This means that studies don't tell us about how memory works in the real world - 6Why is a range of supporting evidence a strength of the theory?There are many studies including Godden & Baddeley and Carter & Cassaday.
Eysenck 2010 - argues that retrieval failure us perhaps the main reason for forgetting in LTM.
Supporting evidence shows that the theory is valid and provides it credibility especially when shown in real-life rather than just lab studies. - 7Explain the problems with the ESPThe ESP can't be tested - it's just theoretical.
We can't provide proof of it's existence due to the untestable concepts.
The ESP is built on assumptions, for example if the recall is good we assume a cue is present. However, there is no way to independently establish if the cue has really been encoded.
This makes the theory not falsifiable and unscientific. - 8A criticism of the theory is the effect may be related to the kind of memory tested. Explain whyBaddeley 1980
Repeated the underwater study.
He used a recognition test instead of a recall test. PPTs had to say if they recognized a word read to them from a list rather than retrieving it for themselves.
There was no context-dependent effect; performance was the same in all four conditions.
This is a limitation because is shows that cues only affect memory when it is tested in a certain way.
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- - Psychology (Memory) FlashCards sobre RETRIEVAL FAILURE, criado por Lianna Peryer em 22-05-2017.
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- Lianna Peryer
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