Memory - Key words

Memory - Key words

1. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) The multi store model of memory. Each store has a different capacity, duration and coding

   • Sensory register
     • Capacity - Unknown but very large
       • Duration - Very limited (1-2 seconds)
         • Coding - Raw/unprocessed information (from all 5 senses)
   • Short-term memory
     • Capacity - Limited (7+/-2'chunks' of information) Miller 1956
       • Duration - Limited (20 seconds) Peterson and Peterson 1959
         • Coding - Acoustic (sound)
   • Long-term memory
     • Capacity - Unlimited
       • Duration - Lifetime/Years (Bahrick 1975)
         • Coding - Semantic (meaning)

2. Long-term memory - A permanent store that holds unlimited amounts of information for long periods of time.

   • Episodic memory - An episodic memory is a personal memory, which has 3 specific elements: details of the event, the context, and the emotions experienced. Episodic memories are associated with a part of the brain called the hippocampus
   • Semantic memory - This comprises our knowledge of facts, concepts and meaning. Eg knowing that London is the capital of England is a semantic memory. Semantic memories are associated with a part of the brain known as the temporal lobe
   • Procedural memory - Procedural memory is our memory of performed motor tasks/skills e.g swimming and writing. Procedural memories are acquired through repetition and practice. Associated with the cerebellum and motor cortex

3. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) Working memory model

   • Put forward WMM to explain some of the research findings that could not be explained by the MSM. The WMM is a multi-component short-term memory system which consists of:
     • Central executive - The boss, direct attention
       • Phonological loop - Deals with spoken and written material.Consists of Articulatory control: sub vocal repetition. And Phonological store: storage space, limited capacity
         • Visuo-spatial sketchpad (inner eye) processes information in visual form - consists of: Inner scribe, manipulates mental images. Visual cache, storage space, limited capacity
           • Episodic buffer - Binds and integrates information, and maintains a sense of time, so that events occur in a continuing sequence

4. Forgetting - Due to interference or retrieval failure

   • Proactive interference - Occurs when old information stored in long-term memory interferes with the learning of new information. Usually occurs when the new information is similar to the old information. Example is when you try to remember a new mobile phone number and your memory of your old number disrupts your attempts to remember this new information
   • Retroactive interference - Occurs when the learning of new information interferes with the recall of old information from long-term memory eg once you have learned a new mobile number, it is often very difficult to recall your old number
   • Retrieval failure - Is an explanation for forgetting from long-term memory. It refers to difficulties in recall that are due to absence of the correct retrieval cues or triggers

5. Geiselman et all 1985 the cognitive interview

   • They identified four key principles that they believed would enhance recall
     • Context reinstatement (CR) - Is where a person mentally recalls the context of the event. These details can then act as a trigger, to help the person recall more information
       • Report everything (RE) - is where a person recalls every detail they can remember, even those that may seem trivial
         • Recall from changed perspective (CP) - is where a person considers the event from someone else's point of view eg they might consider what the offender saw
           • Recall in reverse order (RO) - is where a person recalls the events in reverse chronological order

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