memory intro

memory intro

1. stages

   • encoding
     • transform experiences into memories
   • storage
     • retain for shorter/longer periods
   • retrieval
     • search stores, locate representations & bring memories to consciousness

2. multi store model

   • basic
   • linear fashion
   • rehearsal in stm
   • LTM back to stm
   • paying attention
   • atkinson & shiffrin

3. sensory memory

   • visual
     • iconic
       • capacity= at least 12
         • sperling
       • duration= 1 second
   • auditory
     • echoic
       • capacity= 5
         • Darwin et al
       • duration = 4 seconds
   • touch based
     • haptic

4. STM

   • conscious memory store
   • study by asking p's to immediately repeat material
     • test non-verbal through square grid
   • capacity = 7+/- 2
     • miller
   • duration = 18 seconds
     • rehearsal
     • peterson
   • interference = main cause of forgetting
     • waugh & norman

5. working memory

   • store functions of words & shapes & complex processing
     • combining info, changing order, controlling attention
   • central exec, visuospatial, episodic buffer, phonological loop

6. LTM

   • explicit/declarative
     • when (semantic/episodic)
       • who/what/when. Tulving- episodic = unique time travel
       • facts/ideas/global knowledge- forget the original episode
         • amnesic patients support difference between episodic & semantic
           • KC
           • Tulving
     • conscious
     • access through recall & recognition
   • implicit
     • how (procedural)
   • priming
     • recall more likely due to prior exposure
       • priming effects = changes in ability to identify an item due to experiencing the item earlier
         • amnesic patients show normal priming
   • primacy/recency
     • no delay= primacy & recency
       • last words = in STM
     • interference delay= primacy, no recency
       • first words in list = entered LTM. Last words = not in STM
         • Glanzer & Cunitz

7. forgetting

   • linked to time passed
   • rate of forgetting- Ebbinghaus
   • trace decay
     • connections between neurons die
     • hard to study as unable to exclude all factors that affect memory at same time
   • interference
     • presence of other memories affects retrieval
     • greater when memories are similar
     • competition assumption- more than one memory associated with a cue so memories compete for retrieval
     • retroactive- material learned recently affects previous memories
     • proactive- previous memories impair retrieval of new memories
     • blocking- strong association between cue & target = more likely memory will be selected
     • inhibition- choose to inhibit irrelevant memories