Memory

Memory

1. Multi Store Model

   • Environmental Input -- > Sensory Memory--> Short-Term Memory --> Long-Term Memory
     • Rehearsal Loop
     • Retrieval + Rehearsal
     • Attention
   • H.M
     • Parts of the brain removed
       • S.T.M = Fine
         • L.T.M = Broken
     • Shows different stores
   • Encoding
     • LTM - Semantic
     • STM - Acoustic
   • Capacity
     • STM -7+/- 2
     • LTM - Unlimited
   • Duration
     • LTM - Unlimited
     • STM - Up to 30 Seconds
   • A03
     • Strengths
       • Good understanding of the structure and process
         • Primacy and Recency Effect
     • Weaknesses
       • Too Simplistic
         • Too reliant on concept of Rehearsal
           • More than 1 type of STM and LTM
             • Artificial Materials
   • Working Memory Model shows that the Multi Store Model is too simplistic
   • Glanzer and Cunitz
     • Primary and Recency Effect
       • Remember words at the start and the end of the list
         • Words at the start are placed into the LTM
         • Words at the end are placed into the STM
   • K.F
     • Motorcycle Crash, brain sustained damage
       • LTM = Fine
         • Struggled to recall from STM

2. Working Memory Model

   • Central Executive + Episodic Buffer + Phonological Loop + Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
     • Feeds into the LTM
     • C.E = Keeps the Slave Systems functional
     • E.B = Briefly stores Info to make a coherant memory
     • P.L = Auditory Info and Order of Info
     • V.S.S = Deals with Visual and Spatial Info
   • See K.F
   • Focuses too heavily on STM
   • Lacks Ecological Validity

3. Types of LTM

   • Episodic
     • Personal Memories
       • Wedding, Funeral, etc
   • Semantic
     • General Knowledge
       • Capital Cities, Films, etc
   • Procedural
     • Learnt Motor Skills
       • Sport, Riding a Bike, etc
   • Clive Wearing and HM
     • Episodic Memory lost but Semantic and Procedural unaffected

4. Forgetting

   • Interference Theory
     • Proactive Interference
       • Old Memory inteferes with a new one
     • Retroactive Interference
       • New memory interferes with an old one
     • Underwood and Postman
       • Ppts learnt a sequence of word pairs
       • They asked them to recall the words but had them learn a new list too
       • They were given a word from List A but asked to recall from either List B (RI) or List C (PI)
         • Recall from either list was poor thus proving the Interference Theory
     • Artifical Materials
       • Lacks Validity
     • Lab Experiments
       • Reliability
   • Context-Depending Forgetting
     • External Triggers for a Memory
       • Cues usually Visual
     • Godden and Baddely
       • Group 1 - Learn on Land + Recall on Land
         • Group 2 - Learn on Land + Recall Underwater
           • Group 3 - Learn Underwater + Recall on Land
             • Group 4 - Learn Underwater + Recall Underwater
       • Recall was 40% lower in non matching conditions
   • State-Dependent Forgetting
     • Internal Triggers for a Memory
     • Goodwin
       • People who drank a lot could forget a lot when sober but could remember when they were drunk again
     • Carter and Cassaday
       • Group 1 - Learn on Drug + Recall when on it
         • Group 2 - Learn on Drug + Recall when not on Drug
           • Group 3 - Learn not on Drug + Recall when on it
             • Group 4 - Learn not on Drug + Recall when not on Drug
       • Recall was significantly lower in conditions when the recall and learning were different

5. Eyewitness Testimony

   • Misleading Information
     • Experiment 1
       • They showed the Ppts a Car Crash and asked them how fast it was going
         • The more serious the adjective, the higher the estimate of the speed
       • 45 Ppts - 5 Groups
         • Different Adjective for each Group
           • Smashed
             • Crashed
               • Collided
                 • Bumped
                   • Hit
       • Artificial - Lacks the Anxiety of a real crash
         • Lack of Experience
     • Experiment 2
       • They asked the Ppts if they saw any Glass after the crash
         • Depending on the severity of the word, the amount varied
           • The more severe the word, the more people claimed to have seen it
             • There was no Glass to begin with
   • Post-Event Discussion
     • Gabbert
       • 2 Groups of Ppts
         • Young Adults (17-33)
         • Older Adults (58-80)
         • Both watched a Staged Crime
           • Exposed to Misleading Info
             • Given a Recall Test
               • Young Adults recalled better than Older Adults
     • Real-Life Application
       • Can be applied to the Cognitive Interview
     • Issues with Memory regarding older Ppts
   • Anxiety Effect
     • Johnson and Scott
       • There were two Conditions
         • Ppts heard an argument
           • Person comes in with a Bloody Knife (High Anxiety)
             • Low levels of recall (33%) involving the Person as they were all focused on the Weapon
           • Person comes in with a Pen (Low Anxiety)
             • High levels of recall (49%) involving the Person
       • Actually testing Surprise
   • All studies fail to take time into account
     • PTSD, Memory Loss could have occured after the Crime
   • Cognitive Interview
     • Recall Everything
       • Reinstate Context
         • Change Order
           • Change Perspective
             • Put yourself in someone elses point of view
           • Recall the events in reverse or in a different chronological order
         • What was there, what time, where
       • Identify every detail