Baddeley (1966b)

Baddeley (1966b)

1. AIM- To find out if LTM encodes acoustically or semantically.

2. IV- 1) Acoustically similar word list or acoustically dissimilar 2) semantically similar word list or semantically dissimilar 3) performance before 15 minutes “forgetting” delay and performance after.

3. DV-Score on a recall test of 10 words; words must be recalled in the correct order

4. Sample- volunteers Men and women from the Cambridge University subject panel, 72 altogether

5. METHOD- participants are split into four groups. Each group views a slideshow of a set of 10 words. Each word appears for 3 seconds. Acoustically similar and dissimilar and semantically similar and dissimilar. then carry out an “interference test” which involves hearing then writing down 8 numbers three times. Then they recall the words from the slideshow in order. There are four “trials” and (as you would expect) the participants’ get better each time they do it because the words stay the same. After the 4th trial, the participants get a 15 minute break and perform an unrelated interference task. Then they are asked to recall the list again. This fifth and final trial is unexpected. The words themselves are still on display; it is the order of the words the participants have to recall.

6. RESULTS: after immediate recall, participants with the acoustically similar words got confused, but those with semantically similar words did not and were better at the task.LTM is not confused by acoustic similarities – scores on the last test are similar to the 4th trial, suggesting no forgetting has taken place. For semantically similar very little forgetting takes place, but scores are lower.

7. CONCLUSIONS: LTM encodes semantically, at least primarily. STM encodes acoustically. This is why LTM gets confused when it has to retrieve the order words which are semantically similar: it gets distracted by the semantic similarities and muddles them up. It has no problem retrieving acoustically similar words because LTM pays no attention to how the words sound. in the Acoustically Similar condition, STM gets confused by the similar sounds

8. EVALUATION:

9. G- large sample of 72. Any anomalies will be “averaged out” in a sample this size. There were so many conditions in this study that each group only had 15-20 people in it. Made up of British volunteers. It might be that there is something unusual about the memorable qualities of British words. Volunteer sample might have more people with particularly good memories who enjoy doing memory tests - not representative of people in general.

   • R- reliable study because it has standardised procedures that you could replicate yourself. Wouldn’t need special equipment. Everyone saw the same word for the same amount of time
     • A- for other Cognitive Psychologists, who have investigated LTM in greater depth. Baddeley’s use of interference tasks to control STM has been particularly influential. Baddeley & Hitch built on this research and developed a brand new memory model – Working Memory. Another application is for your own revision.
       • V- Rather than getting participants to recall words, he asked them to recall word order. This reduced the risk that some words would be hard to recall because they were unfamiliar. ecological validity of this study is not good. Recalling lists of words is quite artificial but you sometimes have to do it. Baddeley did improve this. For example, he made the 5th “forgetting” trial a surprise that the participants weren’t expecting. This is similar to real life, where you are not usually expecting it when you are asked to recall important information.
         • E- No ethical issues

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