Memory

Memory

1. Miller

   • Suggested we could recall between 5 and 9 items. He called this the digit span 7+/-2 items.

2. Clive Wearing

   • Has no short term memory
     • Has barely any long term memory

3. How do the STM & LTM differ?

   • Function (what they are used for)
     • Capacity (how much info they hold)
       • Duration (how long can info be held for)
         • Encoding (the form in which info is stored)
           • Forgetting (how info is lost from storage)
   • Encoding, we store information acoustically (STM)
   • We store information visually (LTM)
   • We encode information semantically (by meaning)
   • Forgetting in STM - Displacement

4. The Multi-Store Model

5. Sensory memory

   • Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended.
   • Sperling
     • Participants asked to recall as many letters they remembered from a flash of 3 rows of the letters.
       • Usually remembered 4 or 5
       • Evaluation
         • No ethical issues
         • High level of control

6. Glanzer & Cunitz

   • Task 1- immediate free recall Task 2- free recall after interference task

7. Encoding

   • Conrad
     • Sequence of letters which are acoustically similar
       • Acoustically dissimilar sequence was easier to remember
         • Evaluation
           • Well controlled laboratory experiment
           • No ethical issues
           • Artificial stimuli (we don't have to remember sequences daily)
     • Sequence of letters which are acoustically dissimilar

8. Duration of the STM

   • Peterson & Peterson
     • Presented participants with 3 letter constonants (e.g. XTV)
       • And were asked to remember them
         • Controlled conditions
     • Asked to count down from a certain number
       • Interference task

9. Baddely

   • Constructed lists of short, familiar words
     • Acoustically similar words
     • Acoustically dissimilar words
       • Semantically similar words
         • Semantically dissimilar words
         • Found that words that sounded similar were harder to remember than words in any of the other categories

10. The Working Memory Model

    • • Central Executive
        • Supervisory component that has overall control
        • Has limited capacity but can process information from any sensory memory
          • Responsible for control processes such as; setting goals, retrieving information from LTM, switching attention between tasks, monitoring and correcting errors
          • Supported by two 'slave' systems
            • Slave systems can be used as storage, thereby freeing up some of its own capacity to deal with more demanding information processing files.
      • The Phonological Loop
        • Sometimes known as the inner voice
        • Limited capacity
        • Temporary storage system for holding verbal information in a speech-based form
      • The Visuo-spatial sketchpad
        • Sometimes known as the inner eye
        • Limited capacity
        • Temporary memory system for holding visual and or spatial information
    • Baddely & Hitch
      • 1974
      • 'Dual task' method to test if there is more than one component in the STM
        • Asked participants to perform a reasoning task (sentence-checking task) while simultaneously reciting aloud a list of 6 digits
          • Concluded that the STM must have more than one component and must be involved in processes other than simple storage
            • e.g. reasoning, understanding and learning
        • If digit span is a measure of maximum STM capacity, participants would be expected to show impaired performance on the reasoning task because their STM would be fully occupied with retaining the 6 digits.
          • However, they found that the participants made very few errors on both tasks, although, the speed of verifying the sentences was slightly slower than when the task was done alone
    • Baddely & Logie
      • 1999
      • Have refined certain aspects of the working memory model

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