RM - 1

RM - 1

1. TYPES OF EXPERIMENT

   • LAB
     • - highly controlled environ - researcher manipulates IV to see effect on DV - control over EVs
     • High control over EVs = High int. val. Easily replicable
     • Lack generalisability = low ext. val. DCs. Lack mundane realism
   • FIELD
     • - Natural setting. - researcher manipulates IV and records effect on DV
     • Higher mundane realism than lab = more valid + authentic behaviour = high ext. val
     • Ethical issues if not consenting. Less control over EVs = difficult to establish cause/effect
   • NATURAL
     • Effect of a PRE-EXISTING IV on the DV (the variable would have occurred anyway)
     • Opportunities for research that otherwise can't happen due to ethical/practical reasons. High ext. val (real life).
     • Naturally occuring event occurs rarely = limited scope for generalising. Cannot randomly allocate = particiapt variables may affect = low int. val
   • QUASI
     • Already existing IV that isn't manipulated (age/gender)
     • Often carried out under controlled conditions = high int. val
     • No random allocation = confounding variables

2. OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUES

   • NATURALISTIC AND CONTROLLED
     • Naturalistic
       • Observing in natural environment where beh would normally occur
       • High ext. val
       • Lacks replicability, can't control EVs
     • Controlled
       • Observing in a controlled/structured environment
       • Control EVs, easily replicable
       • Lack generalisability ext. val
   • COVERT AND OVERT
     • Covert : P's don't know they are being watched/recorded
       • Removes participant reactivity, increases int. val
       • Ethics questioned
     • Overt: P's Know they are being observed + give consent + OBSERVER IS VISIBLE
       • More ethically acceptable
       • Participant reactivity
   • PARTICIPANT AND NON PARTICIPANT
     • Participant: researcher becomes part of the group they are observing
       • Insight into lives of P's
       • Researcher may identify too strongly with P's but lose objectivity
     • Non Participant: Researcher remains out of the group they are observing
       • Can remain objective
       • May lose insight into P's lives if they are too far removed

3. SELF REPORT TECHNIQUES

   • QUESTIONNAIRE
     • Written set of qs used to asses someone's thoughts/experiences. can be used as part of an experiment to asses DV
     • Open qs: no fixed range of answers - QUALITATIVE DATA. rich in depth data but hard to analyse
     • Closed qs: fixed responses 'yes/no' (qual) or rating 1-10 (quantitative). Easy to analyse but lack depth/detail
     • Cost effective, quickly gather lots of data, researcher doesn't need to be present, easy analysis
     • DCs, Social desirability bias, response bias (aquiescence bias), lack of understanding
   • INTERVIEW
     • 'Live' encounter, interviewer asks set of qs to assess P's thoughts/experiences
     • STRUCTURED: Pre determined set of qs in a fixed order
       • Easy replication, reduces differences between interviewers
       • No option for elaboration or deviation from topic
     • UNSTRUCTURED: no set qs, general topic, free flowing interaction, elaboration of answers
       • More flexible, can follow up points and gain insight
       • Hard to analyse the data and draw conclusions
     • Risk of social desirability bias (unless a skilled interview can build a rapport for a truthful answer)

4. CORRELATIONS

   • Illustrate strength + direction of an association between co-variables. Plotted on a scattergram
   • CORRELATION VS EXPERIMENT
     • E - manipulation of IV to measure effect on DV. C - no manipulation of variable.
   • Useful as preliminary tool for research which can be used for future research, quick, economical, less time consuming as 2dnary data can be used
   • Don't demonstrate cause-effect between variables, third factor (intervening variable) could be causing the relationship, correlations can be misinterpretted

5. CONTENT ANALYSIS

   • analysing data into themes or categories (indirect study of behaviour)
     • collect data, familiarise with it, identify coding units, analyse using coding units, tally in each time the category occurs
   • CODING: categorising
   • THEMATIC ANALYSIS
     • coding and identifying themes once the data has been coded - the themes are likely to be more descriptive than the coding units
   • can avoid ethical issues normally associated with psychological research (public info doesn't need permission), high ext. val, flexible in producing qual+quant data
   • Indirectly studying people out of the context it occured = researcher bias may occur, lack of objectivity, no causality

6. CASE STUDIES

   • in-depth study of one person or a group of people over time. usually carried out in the real world. idiographic and very individualistic.
   • Rich + detailed insights into atypical beh, contribute to understanding of 'normal' functioning, can generate hypotheses for future study
   • Hard to generalise, info often based on retrospective data (may not be accurate),difficult to replicate

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