CHAPTER 6: LEARNING

CHAPTER 6: LEARNING

1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONG

   • PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
   • classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally enoked by another stimulus
     • Elicited (drawn forth)
   • The Unconditioned Stimuus (UCS) = is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
     • The Unconditioned Response (UCR) = is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning..
       • Trial = a trial in classical conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimulus.
   • ELEVATIVE Conditioning = refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.
     • IMMUNOSUPPRESSION = a decrease in the production of antibodies
       • Conditioning and Drug Effects = compensatory CR's
   • Acquisition = refers to the initial stage of learning something.
     • Extinction = the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
   • Spontaneous Recovery = is the reappearence of an extinguished response aftera period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
     • Renewal Effect= if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original enviroment where acquisition took place.
   • Stimulus Generalization = occurs when an oganism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
   • Stimulus Discrimination = occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
   • Higher-Order Conditioning = in which a conditiond stimulus funcions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.
     • Sauce Bearnaise Syndrome
       • conditioned taste aversion
   • Prepardnesss = involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

2. OPERANT CONDITIONING

   • Operant Conditioning = is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
   • Another name for operant conditioining is INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING
     • Thorndike's LAW of EFFECT = according to the law of effect, is a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
       • Reinforcement occurs when an event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response
   • An OPERANT CHAMBER, or SKINNER BOX, is a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.
     • to EMIT means to send forth
       • Reinforcement Contingencies = are the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
         • the CUMMULATIVE RECORDER creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time.
           • Primary Reinforcers are events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
             • Secondary, or Conditioned, Reinforcers are events that acquire reinforicng qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
   • SHAPING, which consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
   • REISISTANCE to Extinction occurs when an organism continues ti make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated
     • Discriminative Stimuli are cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable cosequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response
       • stimulus generalization & stimulus discrimination
   • A SCHEDULE of REINFORCEMENT determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer.
     • Continuous Reinforcement occurs wen every instance of a designated response is reinforced
       • Intermittent, or Partial, Reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
         • with a Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule, the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
           • with a Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule, the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.
             • with a Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule, the reinforcer is a given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
               • with a Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule, the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
   • positive reinforcement = occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
     • Negative Reinforcement = occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
       • In Escape Learning, an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
         • In Avoidance Learning, and organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulaition from occurring
   • Punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
     • Latent Learning = learning that is not apparent from behaviour when it first occurs
   • Instinctive Drift occurs when an animal's innate response tendancies interfere with conditioning processes

3. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

   • Observational Learning occurs when an organism's responding is influnced by the observation of others, who are called models
   • Basic Process
     • ATTENTION
       • RETENTION
         • REPRODUCTION
           • MOTIVATION
   • Bobo doll experiements
   • Mirror Neurons are neurons that are activated by pefforming an acition or by seeing another monkey or person perform the same action

4. Learning = is any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience

   • Phobias = are irrational fears of specific objects or situations
     • Agoraphobia = or an intense fear of being in public places where it may be difficult to escape from or in which it might be difficult to obtain help
       • Conditioning = involves learning connections between events that occur in an organisms enviroment

5. Behaviour Modifaction is a systematic approach to changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditoning

   • Antecedents are events that typically precede the target response

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