Adolescent Psychology

Adolescent Psychology

1. Historical Views of Development

   • Aristotle (384-322 BC)
     • John Locke (1632-1704)
       • Blank Slate (Tabula Rasa)
         • Learn behavior from parents.
         • Shaped by environment and experience.
   • Original Sin
     • Born with a predisposition for evil
       • Can be cleansed by baptism
         • Still has a propendency for evil over good
       • Children raised to accept the moral doctrine of society.
         • Without instruction, children would behave in destructive ways
   • Innate Goodness
     • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
       • Infants are born inherently good and can be corrupted by society.
         • Parents must give the child freedom to develop along his or her pathway

2. Domains of Development

   • Physical
     • Genetics
     • Prenatal Development
       • Physical Development
         • Motor Skill Development
     • Sensation/Perception
     • Nature
   • Cognitive
     • Attention
       • Memory
         • Intelligence
           • Problem-Solving
             • Language
               • Academic Skill Development
     • Changes in Thinking
   • Socioemotional
     • Influence of Parenting Style
     • Peers and Friendships
     • Play
     • School
     • Society
     • Culture
     • Nurture

3. Stages of Development

   • Prenatal
     • Infancy and Toddlerhood
       • Early Childhood
         • Middle Childhood
           • Adolescence
             • Early Adulthood
               • Middle Adulthood
                 • Late Adulthood
                   • Death and Dying
                   • Period of the lifespan has incereased over the past 100 years.
                     • Young Old (65-79)
                     • Old Old (80+)
               • Twenties and Thirties. Physiological peak, highest risk for involvement in violent crime and substance abuse. Love and work are primary concerns.
             • Dramatic physical change, growth spurt, and sexual maturation. Begin to comprehend abstract concepts such as love, fear, and freedom. A sense of invincibility that puts adolescents at a higher risk of death or disease.
           • Learning and testing new academic skills and comparing one's accomplishments and abilities to others. Growth rates are slow, allowing motor skills to be tuned.
         • Ages three to five.
       • The first year and a half to two years. Caregive transformation as well as child transformation.
     • All of the significant structures of the body are forming. The health of the mother is the primary concern. Understanding nutrition, teratogens, and labor and delivery is the primary concern

4. Theories of Development

   • Psychodynamic Theory
     • Personality forms during the first few years of life
     • Parent and care giver interactions have lasting effect
     • Defense Mechanisms
       • Denying a reality
       • Repressing Thoughts
       • Rationalizing
       • Projecting
       • Reaction Formation: Outwardly opposing that which we inwardly desire.
   • Freud's Theories of Development
     • Theory of the Mind
       • Most of our mental processes, motivations, and desires are outside of our awareness.
     • Theory of the Self
       • Adult Personality has three main parts:
         • Ego
           • We must wait to have our needs satisfied. Operates under the reality principle.
           • Mediator
         • Id
           • We are born with the Id, which consists of biologically driven self, instincts, and drives. Wants immediate gratification and operates under the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE.
         • Superego
           • It develops as we learn the rules, standards, and values of society. Takes into account moral guidelines.
             • Rule governed part of the self that operates under a sense of guilt.
               • If a person violates the superego, he or she feels guilty.
       • Defense Mechanisms
         • Repression
         • Denial
         • Regression
         • Displacement
         • Sublimation
         • Projection
         • Reaction
     • Psychosexual Stages
       • Anal 1-3
         • Some urges most be contained and some actions postponed
       • Oral 0-1
         • Infant meets needs primarily though oral gratification.
       • Phallic 3-6
         • Between the ages 3 to 5, the child become attracted the the opposite sexed parent.
       • Latency 6-12
       • Genital 12+
   • Psychosocial Theory
     • Erik Erikson (1902-1944)
       • We are aware of what motivates us through life, and the Ego has greater importance in guiding our actions than the ID.
         • We make conscious choices in life and these choices focus on meeting certain social and cultural needs rather than purely biological ones.
         • Erikson divided the lifespan into eight stages, and during each phase, we have a specific task to accomplish or a crisis to overcome.
           • Trust vs. Mistrust
           • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
           • Initiative vs. Guilt
           • Industry vs. Inferiority
           • Identity vs. Role Confusion
           • Intimacy vs. Isolation
           • Generativity vs. Stagnation
           • Integrity vs. Despair
   • Pavlovian Classical Conditioning
     • Watson and Behaviorism Human Experimentation
   • Behavioral Learning Theory
     • Operant Conditioning and Repeating Actions
       • Positive and Negative Reinforcement
   • Social Learning Theory
     • Young children learn behaviors through imitation.

Imagens e arquivos do mapa