MEMORY

MEMORY

1. MULTI-STORE MODEL

   • • has the memory stores for each of the 5 senses e.g. iconic: visual + echoic: sound
       • duration isn't long, less than 1/2 a sec
       • capacity is very large
       • if attention is paid to info in the sensory register it will be transferred to STM
     • small capacity: Miller's magic number 7±2
     • duration: unlimited
     • short duration: 30 secs
     • encoding is mainly accoustic
       • info can be transfered to LTM through maintenance rehearsal
     • coded semantically- with meaning
       • to remember info in LTM it must first be transferred to STM through retrieval
         • NOTHING IS EVER DIRECTLY REMEMBERED FROM LTM
     • capacity: unlimited
   • made by Atkinson and Shiffrin

2. TYPES OF LTM

   • Endel Tulving thought MSM idea of LTM was too simple. he came up with this
   • Semantic- LTM storage for facts
     • not time lapsed so ypu dont rmember when you learned these facts
     • constanlty being added to it's huge
   • Procedural- LTM storage fro how to do things
     • these memories are automatic
     • they are hard to explain to others
     • if you try to explain it whilst youre doing it becomes harder to do
   • Episodic- LTM storage of personal events,
     • these memories include several elements e.g. people objects + behaviours involved etc
     • time lapsed so you remember when they happened
     • a conscious effort has to be made to recall episodic memories
   • Cohen + Squire believe that there are only 2 types
     • Declarative- memories that are consciously recalled e.g. semantic + episodic
     • Non-declarative- memories that are automatic e.g. procedural

3. WORKING MEMORY MODEL

   • Baddeley + Hitch thought MSM's explanation of STM was wrong so made this
   • LONG TERM MEMORY
     • Central excutive- allocates data to subsystems + deals with cognitive tasks e.g. mental arithmetic
       • has a limited processing capacity
     • Phonological loop- deals with sound info. this subsystem is split into 2 parts
       • Phonological store- stores the words you hear for 1-2 secs. This is the inner ear
       • Articulatory control system- allows maintenace rehearsal, so repeats sounds/words in a loop so they can remain in WMM. Duration is about 2 secs
     • Episodic buffer- was added by Baddeley in 2000. STM backup store for the other subsystems also links to LTM
       • limited capacity
     • Visuo-spatial sketchpad- stores visual + environmental/spatial info when its required
       • e.g. how many windows in your house? you visualise it
       • limited capacity

4. INFERENCE THEORY

   • when 2 pieces of info conflict with each other causing 1 or both to be forgotten or distorted. this applies to LTM
     • As LTM is permanent forgetting it isnt because it gone but rather because we cant access it
   • Proactive interference- when older memory interferes with newer memory
   • Retroactive interference- when newer memory interferes with an older one
   • John McGeoch + William McDonald found that interference is worse when memories are similar.

5. RETRIEVAL FAILURE

   • Forgetting due to the lack of necessary cues to help access memories
     • Cues- a trigger of info that allows us to access memory
   • Tulving found that for a cue to be helpful in recalling info it has to be there when we learn/make the memory + when we recall it. This is called encoding specificity principle
   • Context-dependant forgetting- Godding + Baddeley found that divers who learnt the list on land recalled better on land + visa versa.
     • which means being on land/sea served as a cue to help recall + and without or with the wrong cue forgetting is more likely
   • State-dependant forgetting- Carter + Cassaday found that participants who learnt the list when drowsy recalled better when drowsy + visa versa
     • which means your state e.g. drowsy, normal, can serve as a cue to help recall + when without it or woth the wrong state forgetting is more likely

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