Memory

Memory

1. Types of memory

   • Short term
   • Long Term
   • capacity
     • LTM
       • potentially UNLIMITED
     • evaluation
       • Even more limited
         • STM only 4 chunks
           • visual stimuli
       • size of the chunk
         • shorter memory for bigger chunks
       • Individual differences
         • recall increased with age
         • 8 y/o- 6.6 digits
         • 19y/o- 8.6 digits
         • Due to developing memory strategies
     • STM
       • digit span
         • Lists get longer and longer
           • average is around 9.3 digits, 7.3 letters
       • magic number
         • 7+_ 2
           • George Miller
   • Duration
     • Evaluation
       • STM testing is artificial
         • memorising nonsense syllables isn't a reflection of real life
         • Applies to lists of numbers/ letters
           • post codes
           • mobile numbers
           • does have some ecological validity
         • Remembering meaningful things might give a different result
       • STM could be due to displacement
         • Petersons study could cause forgetting
           • counting numbers- proactive forgetting
         • Reitman used audio to stop rehearsal
           • inhibited displacement
     • LTM
       • Photo recognition of old school peers
       • within 15 years= 90% recognition
       • after 48 years= 70%
       • free recall of names
         • 60%- 15 years
         • 30% after 48
     • STM
       • Peterson
         • consonant and 3 digit number
           • asked to recall after varying amounts of time
       • 3 seconds- 90%
       • 2% correct after 18 seconds
   • Coding
     • LTM
       • Baddeley
         • semantic lists remembered better
     • STM
       • Baddeley
       • acoustic lists remembered better
     • Evaluation
       • not LTM
         • Didn't wait long enough
       • Not exclusive
         • STM not exclusively acoustic
           • visual code also used
           • sometimes sematic coding
         • LTM not always Semantic
           • Frost- related to visual as well
           • evidence of acoustic also

2. Models of memory

   • Working memory model
   • Multi-store model

3. Forgetting

   • Retrieval failure
   • Interference

4. Eyewitness Testimony

   • Misleading information
   • Anxiety
   • The Cognitive Interview

5. Vocabulary

   • coding
     • how information is stored in your brain