Memory

Memory

1. Studies

   • Peterson and Peterson
     • Sets of three letters, counting back in threes
     • Rehearsal
     • Multi-store explanation of memory
   • Murdock
     • Multi-store explanation of memory
     • Recency + Primacy effect
   • Bartlett
   • Wynn and Logie
   • Craik and Lockhart
   • Underwood and Postman
   • Godden and Badley
   • Loftus and Palmer
   • Bruce and Young
   • Geiselman et al
   • Cohen

2. Key Words

   • Encoding
     • Changing information so that it can be stored
   • Storage
     • Holding information in the memory system
   • Retrieval
     • Recovering information from storage
   • Multi-store
     • The idea that information passes through a series of memory stores
   • Sensory store
     • Holds information received from the senses for a very short period of time
   • Short-term store
     • Holds approximately 7 chunks of information for a limited amount of time
   • Long-term store
     • Holds a vast amount of information for a very long period of time
   • Recency effect
     • Information received later is recalled better than earlier information
   • Primacy effect
     • The first information received is recalled better than subsequent information
   • Reconstructive memory
     • Altering our recollection of things so that they make more sense to us
   • Structural processing
     • Thinking about the physical appearance of the word
   • Phonetic processing
     • Thinking about the meaning of words to be learnt
   • Semantic processing
     • Thinking about the meaning of the words to be learned
   • Levels of processing
     • The depth at which information is thought about when trying to learn it
   • Interference
     • Things that we have learnt that make it difficult to recall other information that we have learnt
   • Retroactive interference
     • When information we have recently learnt hinders our ability to recall information we have learnt previously
   • Proactive interference
     • When information we have already learnt hinders our ability to recall new information
   • Context
     • The general setting or environment in which activities happen
   • Anterograde amnesia
     • Being unable to learn new information after suffering brain damage
   • Retrograde amnesia
     • Loss of memory for events that happened before brain damage occured
   • Hippocampus
     • A brain structure that is crucial for memory
   • Reliability
     • In the context of eyewitness testimony, the extent to which it can be regarded as accurate
   • Leading question
     • A question that hints that a particular type of answer is required
   • Cognitive interview
     • A method of questioning witnesses that involves recreating the context of an event
   • Stereotype
     • An oversimplified, generalised set of ideas that we have about others