Memory

Memory

1. Sensory Memory

   • Sight
     • Iconic memory
       • Stores Memory
   • Hearing
     • Echonic Memory
       • Things you hear
   • Touch
     • Haptic Memory
       • Things you've touched
       • Stored as feelings
   • Sperling 91960)
   • Baddely (1998)

2. STM (Short Term Memory)

   • Duration
     • Peterson and Peterson (1959)
       • Procedure
         • Count backwards in threes
         • Intervals of 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds
         • Repeated several times
       • Findings
         • Recalled 80% of trigrams after 3 seconds
       • Conclusion
         • % lowered as time increased
   • Capacity
     • Baddeley (1975)
       • Procedure
         • Given words with one sylaball or polysyllabic
         • Reading Speed
       • Findings
         • Short words are easier to rememeber
         • Positive correlation between reading speed and memory span
       • Conclusion
         • We use everyday words that a re short more than long
   • Encoding
     • Baddeley (1966)
       • Procedure
         • 4 Groups
         • Each group listened to 5 words from a category
           • Categories
             • Acoustically Similar and Disimilar
             • Semantically Similar and Dissimilar
       • Findings
         • Acoustically Similar were harder to remember
         • Similar, 50% accurate
         • Disimilar, 75% accurate
       • Conclusion
         • Might not reflect complexity of encoding

3. LTM (Long Term Memory)

   • Duration
     • Bahrick (1975)
       • Procedure
         • Graduates from America over a 50 year period
         • 392 graduates shown photographs from their yearbook
         • Recognition group - given names and photos
         • Recall group- only given photos
       • Findings
         • Recognition Group
           • As years increased amount remembered decreased
         • Recall group
           • Not as successful
       • Conclusion
         • Can hold certain amounts of data for a lifetime
       • Evaluation
         • Unclear if drop off in acuarcy reflects the limits of duration
   • Encoding
     • Baddeley (1966)
       • Procedure
         • 4 groups shown a list of 10 words
         • Intervals of 20 mins in which had to do other activities
         • Then recall words
         • Repeated 4 times
         • Categories
           • Acoustically Similar and Disimilar
           • Semantically Similar and Disimilar
       • Findings
         • Recall was worse with Semanticaly Similar than Disimilar
       • Conclusion
         • Makes use of semantic coding
       • Evaluation
         • Link between coding and accuracy of recall

4. WMM (Working Memory Model)

   • Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
     • Heard digit strings and given verbal reasoning tastes
       • + More realistic in everyday life
       • + More detail than MSM
       • + Evidence supports
       • Still being developed
         • Useful
   • Robbins (1996)
     • Working Memory in Chess

5. MSM (Multi Store Model)

   • Atkinson and Shiffin
     • • Evaluation
         • + Glanzer and Cunitz
           • The serial position effect
         • - Conrad
           • Encoding in STM
   • +/-
     • Strengths
       • Simple
       • Explains Primacy effects
         • Remembering first few in a list/sequence
       • Explains Recency effects
         • Remember things at the end of a list/sequence
     • Weaknesses
       • Evidence suggests theres not just one STM Store
       • Flash bulb memory
         • Goes straight to LTM

6. EWT (Eyewitness Testimony)

   • Factors Affecting EWT
     • Anxiety
       • Loftus (1979)
         • Weapon Focus
           • Participents who witnessed the man holding the pen identified the person 49% of the time
           • Participents who witnessed the paper knife were successful only 33% of the time
           • Supports idea the witness concentrates on the weapon and is distracted from the ID of perpitrater
           • Evaluation
             • - Low Ecological Validity
             • - Ethical Issues
     • Age
       • Childrens EWT
         • CeCi and Bruck (1993)
           • Interviewer Bias
           • Repeated Questions
           • Authority Figures
           • Peer Pressure
           • Encouragement
           • Stereotype Induction
         • Kent and Yuille (1987)
           • Children under 5 could ID a stranger after 2 days
           • - Ethical Issues
       • Elderly EWT
         • Wright and Holiday (2005)
           • Police believe over 60s to be less reliable
         • Brimacombe et al (2007)
           • Older were less accurate when shown a video
     • Leading Questions
       • Questions worded in a way that bias the answer
         • Loftus
           • Car Study
             • Lab Study
             • Question, How fast were the cars going when they..... each other?
               • Changed the verb
                 • Contacted
                 • Hit
                 • Bumped
                 • Collided
                 • Smashed
           • Evaluation
             • + High experimental validity
             • + Can relate to real life
             • - Demand characteristics
             • - Low ecological validity
     • Misleading Information
       • Incorrect information told to witness
         • Loftus
           • Barn Study
             • Lab Study
           • Showed a film of a car accident
           • 150 participents devided into 2 groups and asked 10 questions
             • Group 1
               • Asked questions which were consistent with the film
             • Group 2
               • Asked same questions but also 'how fast was the car going when it pasted the barn?'
                 • There was no barn
     • Cognitive Interview
       • Aims to get more detail and unstructured
         • 4 stages
           • 1. Report everything
           • 2. Recreate original context
           • 3. Change order
           • 4. Change perspective
       • Evaluation
         • +/-
           • + Gielsman et al
             • Is more effective in stimulating recall
           • + Stein and Memon
             • With little training the technique can still be more effective
           • - Milne and Bull
             • Depends on skill of interviewer
               • Difficult to assess

7. Memory Improvement

   • Stratagies
     • Organization
     • Avoid Interference Effects
     • Mnemonics
       • Using the first letter of each word to make a memorable sentence
     • Method of Loci
       • In your mind place objects in a memorable place
     • Peg-Word Method
       • A set of words that rhyme with numbers
         • 1 = gun
         • 2 = Shoe

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