Conditioning

Conditioning

1. classical conditioning

   • Unconditioned stimulus (food)
     • unconditioned response (salivation for the food)
       • Neutral Stimulus (Bell)
         • Conditioned stimulus (bell)
           • Conditioned response. (salivation when hearing the bell)
         • After being repeated several times...
   • extintion
     • once something is not paired with the neutral stimulus after a while, the learned behaviour can become extict
   • Spontaneous recovery
     • when a NS has been paired again with the UNCS after an 'extinction'
   • Stimulus Discrinimation
     • when someone will not respond in a different room or at a different time
   • Stimulus generalisation
     • when someone will produce the same response to similar NS

2. Pavlov (1927)

   • attached tubes to a dog's salivary glands in order to measure how much saliva was produced
     • paired food (UNCS) with the bell (NS) in order to get the conditioned response of producing saliva (UNCR) to the sound of the bell (NS)

3. Operant Conditioning

   • learning through consequence.
   • Positive and negative reinforcement
     • Skinner
       • psychologist
       • liked to make everything scientific.
       • invented the 'Skinner Box'
         • ABC Model of operant conditioning
           • Antecedent- Skinner box would present a stimulus (lights/noise)
             • Behaviour- a response made by the animal that can be observed as an outcome of A
               • Consequence- reward/ punishment following the behaviour (shock/food)
     • Posotive reinforcement
       • adding a consequence to the behaviour
     • Negative reinforcemet
       • Taking something away as a consequence to the behaviour.
     • Types of reinforcer
       • primary reinforcers
         • basic human needs such as food, water, shelter.
       • Secondary reinforcers
         • things that allow access to primary reinforcers. e.g.money
       • token economy.
         • schools and prisons use this. when a prisoner has been good, they'll get a token and the more tokens they recieve, the more privilages they are allowed to recieve
     • Schedules of reinforcement
       • continuous- desired behaviour is reinforced everytime it occurs.
       • partial reinforcement- the desired response is only reinforced some of the time.
         • fixed interval- e.g. a thirty second delay.
         • variable interval- the reward time is changed everytime
         • Fixed ratio- where a response is rewarded after so many times of the behaviour
         • Variable ratio- a response is rewarded after so many practices, but amount of responses needed changes.

4. Behaviour modification (including shaping behaviour)

   • behaviour therapy based upon operant conditioning.

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