Memory

Memory

1. Baddeley 1966: recall, support for LTM. found PPs mixed up words with similar meanings when recalling from LTM showing it uses semantic processing.

2. Baddeley and Hitch 1974: WMM, suggested the STM is more complex that Atkinson and Shiffrin thought. They suggested 4 components, central executive, phonological loop, Episodic buffer and visuo-spatial sketchpad.

3. HM: Case study, had hippocampus removed during surgery to treat epilepsy. This left him unable to retain new memories. +provides indepth insight into memory - can't be repeated.

4. Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968: MSM suggests memory is like a computer, three seperate stores. Sensory register, STM, LTM.

   • Talmi et al 2005: recall, support for MSM. Found that medial temporal lobe is used for memory of items earlier on the list and the right inferior parietal lobe is for late items. - recent research shows that the MSM is too simple

5. Loftus and Palmer 1974: car crash, Eye witness. Found that mean estimation of speed increased based on the word used to describe the incident. +applications -lab studies - ideals can be abused.

6. Loftus 1987: weapon focus affect. Found that people were more likely to not focus on the face of a criminal if they were carrying a weapon. - Difficult to stay ethical

   • Pickel 1998: Suggested that it was the uniqueness of the gun that caused this affect.

7. Godden and Baddeley 1975: diver study, cue-dependent (context) forgetting. Found that recall was better when conditions were the same (land&land rather than land&underwater) -low ecological validiy + good explanations

   • Overton 1972: drunk recall, cue-dependent (state) forgetting. Found that PPs did best when learning and recalling in the same state (drunk&drunk). +low ecological validity - ethics (harmful) + good explanations

8. McGeoch and McDonald 1931: tested recall, found that after learning a list of words, going on to learn a second list with similar meanings made recall performance poor. + high control + real life applications - lacks mundane realism - interference is rare

9. Clive Wearing: Case study, damaged hippocampus due to infection. remembered how to play the piano but can't remember his wife for more than a few minutes.

10. Fisher and Geiselman 1984: created the cognitive interview technique. They found that this achieved more accurate detailed memories than standard interviews. +research evidence (Kohnken) + real life applications -doesn't always work

11. Loftus and Pickrell 1995: false memories, eye witness. Found that 30% of PPs were able to be convinced that they had been lost in a supermarket as a child. + useful - lab - abuse of findings(by advertisers)