Mapa mental
Aggression
Conteúdo do mapa
Aggression
Biological
- Hormones: a hormone is a chemical that is produced by the human body, one cause of aggression is hormones, it is generally acceptable that men are more aggressive than women, men have more testosterone than women
- Chromosomes: it could also be down to chromosome abnormality, XYY; which has certain effects such as making men more aggressive than normal, this is supported as a higher than normal proportion of violet men have an extra Y chromosome.
- Brain: it is also thought that aggression is associated by interactions and abnormalities in the brain, aggression like other instinctive behaviour is associated with the limbic system, as it is part of the brain that causes aggressive behaviour, the part of the brain that stops these beahviours is the prefrontal cortex. this is highly involved in learning and knows when instinctive behaviour is appropriate or not, so brain damage affecting either the limbic system or the prefrontal cortex leads to high levels of aggression.
- E1: There are many studies to support that hormones and the Limbic system cause aggression, also there are many case studies e.g. Charles Whitman. therefore, there is sufficient evidence for the biological cause, so the validity of the explanation increases
- E2: although XYY means you are more aggressive, it may be the way you are treated, people with an extra Y chromosome are highly likely to develop acne and mental disabilites so they may be bullied. therefore the aggression may be a side affect of the chromosomal abnormality
- E3: the explanation is simplistic as it oversimplifies complex behaviours into simplistic terms and doesn't take into account influences such as the psychodynamic theory and social learning theory, it only focuses on biological factors.
- E2: although XYY means you are more aggressive, it may be the way you are treated, people with an extra Y chromosome are highly likely to develop acne and mental disabilites so they may be bullied. therefore the aggression may be a side affect of the chromosomal abnormality
- Chromosomes: it could also be down to chromosome abnormality, XYY; which has certain effects such as making men more aggressive than normal, this is supported as a higher than normal proportion of violet men have an extra Y chromosome.
- A: to see what effect hormones have on aggressive behaviour
- M: Young injected pregnant rhesus monkeys with testosterone and observed the levels of aggression in their offspring as they matures.
- R:high levels of testosterone during pregnancy made the females grow up to behave like male monkeys, they engaged in rough and tumble play and challenged the males for dominance in their troop.
- C: testosterone does seem to play a vital part in aggressive behaviour.
- E1: the study was conducted on rhesus monkeys, therefore cannot be generalised to humans, therefore is not representive of the target population
- E2: the study is conducted in unborn rhesus monkeys, this could have caused them physical harm as they were injected with testosterone, therefore the study is unethical.
- E3: the study shows that testosterone causes aggression, therefore it explains why men are more aggressive than females as they have more testosterone, this means that the study supports the biological explanation of aggression
- E2: the study is conducted in unborn rhesus monkeys, this could have caused them physical harm as they were injected with testosterone, therefore the study is unethical.
- E1: the study was conducted on rhesus monkeys, therefore cannot be generalised to humans, therefore is not representive of the target population
- C: testosterone does seem to play a vital part in aggressive behaviour.
- R:high levels of testosterone during pregnancy made the females grow up to behave like male monkeys, they engaged in rough and tumble play and challenged the males for dominance in their troop.
- M: Young injected pregnant rhesus monkeys with testosterone and observed the levels of aggression in their offspring as they matures.
- Hormones: a hormone is a chemical that is produced by the human body, one cause of aggression is hormones, it is generally acceptable that men are more aggressive than women, men have more testosterone than women
Psychodynamic
- we have an unconscious drive that causes aggressive behaviour. this instinct is caused by our natural instict that Freud called 'Thantos'. it drives us toward self destruction, over time this instinct builds up creating pressurewhich we cannot control and makes us do something aggressive. Everyone has this instinct towards self destruction and we protect ourselves using ego defense mechanisms. these redirect our aggression outwardly, so rather than harming ourselves, we either harm others or redirect our energy elsewhere into something safe.
- Displacement - take anger out on a person or object that is not the actual target of your anger Sublimation - channelling our aggression into acceptable behaviours
- E1: Dollard critised the psychodynamic approach as it's not just self destruction that happens, but you need a trigger such as frustration, and created the frustration/anger hypothesis , therefore we do have an aggressive instinct but we need something to set it of.
- E2: the explanation uses the unconscious to explain aggression, however the unconscious is unfalsifiable as it cannot be scientifically proven or disproven, therefore there is less support for this explanation which reduces its validity
- E1: Dollard critised the psychodynamic approach as it's not just self destruction that happens, but you need a trigger such as frustration, and created the frustration/anger hypothesis , therefore we do have an aggressive instinct but we need something to set it of.
- Displacement - take anger out on a person or object that is not the actual target of your anger Sublimation - channelling our aggression into acceptable behaviours
- A: see the effect of frustration on aggressive behaviour
- M: children were kept waiting a long time before being allowed to play in a room full of attractive toys, and their behaviour was observed
- R: the children that were kept waiting before being allowed to play with toys were more aggressive and destructive than the children that had not been kept waiting
- C: being frustrated does lead to an increase in aggression
- E1: the study is unethical as children were used , and children could become frustrated and anxious, which could cause them psychological harm.
- E2: it is difficult to judge what frustration because opinions may vary between people what frustration is, therefore conclusions may not be valid.
- E3: the task reflects real life as children are expected to wait for toys, therefore it's high in ecological validity.
- E2: it is difficult to judge what frustration because opinions may vary between people what frustration is, therefore conclusions may not be valid.
- E1: the study is unethical as children were used , and children could become frustrated and anxious, which could cause them psychological harm.
- C: being frustrated does lead to an increase in aggression
- R: the children that were kept waiting before being allowed to play with toys were more aggressive and destructive than the children that had not been kept waiting
- M: children were kept waiting a long time before being allowed to play in a room full of attractive toys, and their behaviour was observed
- we have an unconscious drive that causes aggressive behaviour. this instinct is caused by our natural instict that Freud called 'Thantos'. it drives us toward self destruction, over time this instinct builds up creating pressurewhich we cannot control and makes us do something aggressive. Everyone has this instinct towards self destruction and we protect ourselves using ego defense mechanisms. these redirect our aggression outwardly, so rather than harming ourselves, we either harm others or redirect our energy elsewhere into something safe.
Social learning
- According to the social learning theory, aggression is learnt. Aggression is learnt by observation and imitation of role models. These models tend to be; powerful, similar or caring . Whether or not behaviour is performed depends on whether your role model is rewarded or punished as this strengthens or weakens behaviour. we repeat behaviour that's rewarded as we would also like that reward.
- E1: there is lots of evidence for the social learning theory e.g. Bandura's study. However these studies were set in artificial settings, so it is hard to generalise to real life.
- E2: its simplistic as it doesn't take into account other factors e.g.biological (testosterone)
- E3: may explain gender differences as males may be rewarded more for their aggressive behaviour compared to females, therefore males learn to behave more aggressively
- E2: its simplistic as it doesn't take into account other factors e.g.biological (testosterone)
- E1: there is lots of evidence for the social learning theory e.g. Bandura's study. However these studies were set in artificial settings, so it is hard to generalise to real life.
- A: to see if children would learn to become aggressive from imitating another person
- M: young children saw an adult behave aggressively towards a large inflatable bobo doll and their play with a number of other toys was observed.
- R: children who saw a same sex model model aggressive behaviour were more likely to act aggressively than those who saw an opposite sex model
- C: children are more likely to learn to be aggressive if the model was of the same sex.
- E1: banduras study has be criticised as the bobo doll task took part in a laboratory setting, which is a controlled environment, so behaviour is likely to be artificial, which is unreflective of real life and therefore it lacks ecological validity.
- E2: it is highly unethical to make children behave aggressively and hit a bobo doll, it is also highly unlikely that they can unlearn the aggressive behaviour and may go on to be aggressive where they would have before, also the children may have suffered distress and psychological harm as they were in an unfamiliar setting with a violent stranger.
- E3: the study supports the idea that children's aggressive behaviour is affected by what they see. this is an important implication for everyday life as children watch a lot of aggressive behaviour on television
- E2: it is highly unethical to make children behave aggressively and hit a bobo doll, it is also highly unlikely that they can unlearn the aggressive behaviour and may go on to be aggressive where they would have before, also the children may have suffered distress and psychological harm as they were in an unfamiliar setting with a violent stranger.
- E1: banduras study has be criticised as the bobo doll task took part in a laboratory setting, which is a controlled environment, so behaviour is likely to be artificial, which is unreflective of real life and therefore it lacks ecological validity.
- C: children are more likely to learn to be aggressive if the model was of the same sex.
- R: children who saw a same sex model model aggressive behaviour were more likely to act aggressively than those who saw an opposite sex model
- M: young children saw an adult behave aggressively towards a large inflatable bobo doll and their play with a number of other toys was observed.
- According to the social learning theory, aggression is learnt. Aggression is learnt by observation and imitation of role models. These models tend to be; powerful, similar or caring . Whether or not behaviour is performed depends on whether your role model is rewarded or punished as this strengthens or weakens behaviour. we repeat behaviour that's rewarded as we would also like that reward.
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- GCSE Psychology (Unit 2) Mapa Mental sobre Aggression, criado por Amy Wilkinson em 07-06-2017.
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- Amy Wilkinson
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