Intelligence

Intelligence

1. Defining Intelligence

   • Implicit theories = individual's own thoughts of intelligence
     • What intelligence means to me.
   • Explicit theories = scientific, formal theories
     • Studies and research.
   • Hot intelligence = with emotions
   • Cold intelligence = without emotions

2. Cold intelligence studies

   • Spearman (1904)
     • Study
       • 'g' underlies all intelligence.
       • School Children as sample
       • Found that children who did well with intelligence tests did well on other tests
       • Concluded that there must be an underlying intelligence factor
       • Used a positive manifold method
       • 'g' is considered as mental energy
     • 2 Factor Theory
       • 'g' = general intelligence
       • 's' = specific abilities
         • In terms of spatial, verbal and mathematics intelligence.
     • Did not have a specific test to investigate 'g' but did influence IQ tests.
       • Example: Raven’s Progressive Matrices.
     • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (1939)
       • Created test with the idea of 2 Factor Theory
       • Does not agree with Spearman completely
       • Examples of test:
       • Some tests are logical puzzle ones.
         • Others are verbal abilities ones
           • Information
           • Comprehension
           • Arithmetic
     • Evaluation of Spearman
       • Low falsifiablility
         • No specific test makes it difficult to test.
         • How to prove that 'g' is 'mental energy'?
       • Influential
         • Influenced creation of more valid/reliable tests
         • Influenced idea of IQ
       • Concept of intelligence is slightly vague
         • Is it only mental/perceptual processing?
   • Thurstone (1930s)
     • Argues that 'g' does not cause specific abilities
     • 'g' is caused by 7 abilities:
     • 'g' varies depending on type of test given to participant
     • Evaluation
       • High falsifiability
         • Distinction between the abilities are clear
       • 'High' testability
         • Not widely used today
         • The test was no better than general IQ test to predict academic or occupational
       • High significance
         • Seven abilities are more specific than the general 'g'
         • First multifactor theory of intelligence
   • Cattell-Horn (1967)
     • Rejected unitary 'g' concept from Spearman
     • Argues that fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence combine to make 'g'.
     • Crystallised intelligence
       • Develops and grows over age and experience
       • Older age groups are more likely to score higher
       • Acquired skills and knowledge
     • Fluid intelligence
       • Basic processing/abstract thinking
       • Develops in childhood and plateaus during early adulthood
         • Decreases after age of 27
       • Can degenerate due to loss of practice
         • Brain training could help fix this
     • Evaluation
       • High falsifiablility
         • Theory has face validity
         • Clearly defined factors of intelligence
       • Moderate testability
         • No specific tests created to study fluid/crystal intelligence
         • Can easily generate tests
       • High significance
         • Influenced multifactoral theories
         • Can still use crystallised intelligence and fluid intelligence today
   • Guilford
     • Multiple intelligence abilities
       • Theorised to be 120, then 150, then concluded to be 180.
       • Split into 3 categories
         • Contents
         • Products
         • Operations
       • Structure of Intellect Theory:
       • Abilities interact to complete the task
     • Evaluation
       • High falsifiablility
         • Clearly defined and separated
       • Moderate testability
         • Created psychometric tests
           • Helped proved his theory.
         • Little empirical evidence supported evidence
         • Factor analysis found challenging evidence
       • High significance
         • Different/comprehensive account of intelligence
         • Not widely used today

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