RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMYOF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

   • ORGANS: Nose (nasal cavity & paraasal sinsuses), Pharynx, Larynx Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchileos , Alveoli,Lungs, Pleurae and Diaphagram (respratory muscle)
   • Functions- deliver oxygen (02) to the body tissues and removes gaseous wastes mainly carbon dioxide ( CO2)
   • Respiratory system
     • Respiratory Zone- site of gas exchange
     • Conducting Zone- conduits to gas exchange sites
   • Respiratory muscles: diaphagram and other muscles that promote ventilation

2. NOSE

   • Covered by skin, supported by bone and cartilage
   • Structures of nose are divided into external nose and nasal cavity
   • Nasal cavity fills the space between the base of the skull and the roof of the mouth
   • Nasal cavity (mucosa-lined) is divided by nasal septumand separate from oral cavity by the palate
   • Passegeway to pharynx
   • Functions:
     • 1)Provides an airway for respiration
     • 2) Moistens and warms entering air)
     • 3) filters inspired air and cleanses it to foreign matter
     • 4) Serves as a resonating chamber of speech
     • 5)Houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
   • Paranasal Sinuses
     • Consists of :
       • Frontal sinus
       • Maxillary sinus
       • Sphenoid sinus
       • Ethmoid sinus
     • Paranasal sinuses and nasalocrimal ducts drain into the nasal cavity
     • Functions
       • Produce mucus
       • Acts as resonators for sound
       • Lighten the skull
       • Together with nasal cavity -warm and moisten the air

3. PHARYNX

   • Throat
   • Mucosa-lined, muscular tube extends from the base of the skull to the level of C6
   • Divided into:
     • Nasopharynx
     • Oropharynx
     • Laryngopharynx
   • Functions- passageway for air between nose and larynx and for food from mouth and esophagus
   • Contains tonsils, which act as part of the body's defense system

4. LARYNX

   • Voice box
   • Functions:
     • Passageway for air between pharynx and trachea
     • Produces sounds used in speech by vocal folds (true vocal cords)
     • Acts as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels by epiglottis
   • Supported by 9 cartiges
     • 3 unpaired:
       • Thyroid cartilge (Adam's apple)
       • Cricoid cartilage
       • Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
     • 3 paired:
       • Arytenoids cartilages
       • Cuneiform cartilages
       • Corniculate cartilages
   • Voice Production
     • Speech : intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis
     • Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords
     • Loudness depends upon the force of air
     • Chambers pf pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality
     • Sound is "shaped" into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

5. TRACHEA

   • Windpipe, smooth-muscle tube lined with ciliated mucosa
   • Anterior to esophagus
   • Connected to larynx at 6th cervical vertebra to the 5th thoracic vertebra
   • Ends by dividing into the 2 primary bronchi
   • Kept open by 16-20 C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilages
   • Functions ;
     • Air passage to lungs
     • Traps and removes dust particles before entering the lungs

6. BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES

   • Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
   • Branching pattern called the bronchial (respiratory) tree
   • Functions
     • Bronchi- Air passage to and from the lungs -Filters air
     • Bronchioles - Passage to and from alveoli